International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

The claims for discovery and the naming of Element 104 are still in question. The Berkeley group proposes for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest R. Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. Meanwhile, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics has proposed using the neutral temporary name, unnilquadium. 

Something rather different was the set of 7 volumes of the International Critical Tables masterminded by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, edited by Edward Washburn, and given the blessing of the International Research Council (the predecessor of the International Council of Scientific Unions, ICSU). This appeared in stages, 1926-1933, once only when Washburn died in 1934, the work died with him . This last quotation comes from a lively survey of the history of ICSU (Greenaway 1996) this book has an entire chapter devoted to Data, and Scientific Information . 

It is usual these days to express all physical quantities in the system of units referred to as the Systeme International, SI for short. The International Unions of Pure and Applied Physics, and of Pure and Applied Chemistry both recommend SI units. The units are based on the metre, kilogram, second and the ampere as the fundamental units of length, mass, time and electric current. (There are three other fundamental units in SI, the kelvin, mole and candela which are the units of thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity, respectively.)... 

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Laser (Ablation) Micro Mass Spectrometry Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Liquid Chromatography... 

Controversy about the first synthesis of new chemical elements in the trans-lawrencium region has recently been resolved by a joint lUPAC and lUPAP (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics) committee. CNIC has assigned names that appear to have been internationally accepted for these elements. Although I have relied on the lUPAC/IUPAP document to discuss elements up to Meitnerium, for elements above Z = 109, the analysis provided is strictly my own due to my reading and interpretation of the scientific literature. 

In the text the recommendations made from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) in respect to definitions (terms), symbols, quantities together with the International System of Units (SI) in respect to symbols in physical chemistry are considered.1... 

Under the present procedure,1 claims of the discovery of a new element are first investigated by a joint IUPAC-IUPAP (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics) committee which then assigns priority. The acknowledged discoverers are then invited to suggest a name to the Division of Inorganic Chemistry, which then makes a formal recommendation to the IUPAC Council. It is emphasized that the name for any new element resulting from the above process, once approved by Council, is not intended to carry any implication regarding priority of discovery. The same is understood to apply to the names approved by IUPAC in the past, whatever the prehistory. 

As of the writing of this book, claims have been put forward for the creation of elements 112,114, 116, and 118, but none of these claims have been completely validated and the 2001 claim for the discovery of 118 was later retracted by the research team. IUPAC and IUPAP (the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics) continue to oversee and adjudicate claims and in 2003 released a Technical Report saying that although many of the claims were based on good science and sound methods, there was not yet enough independent confirmation to establish priority. In the case of these elements, it is probably just a matter of time before they are officially recognized. 

He served in many organizations and received several awards. He was vice president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (1957-63), president of the Canadian Association of Physicists (1956-57), and president of the Royal Society of Canada (1966-67). He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (1939) and Royal Society of London (1951). He was Bakerian Lecturer of the Royal Society of London (1960) and recipient of their Royal Medal in 1971. He was George Fischer Baker Non-Resident Lecturer in Chemistry at Cornell Uni-... 

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (lUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from lUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references ... 

After establishment of the fundamental laws of chemistry, units like gram-atom or gram-molecule, were used to specify amounts of chemical elements or compounds. These units are directly related to atomic weights and molecular weights. These units refer to relative masses. The advent of mass spectrometry showed that the atomic weights arise from mixtures of isotopes. Intermittently two scales, a chemical scale and a physical scale were in use. In 1960, by an agreement between the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (lUPAP) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), this duality was eliminated. 

Note that the term specific activity is also used in the sense of the activity caused by a radioisotope of an element in a sample per the total mass of the element (or a compound of it) contained by the sample. Some authors use the term specific radioactivity in the sense of molar activity, although according to International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (lUPAP) and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) recommendations the adjective specific should be reserved for naming quantities that are divided by mass. So the use of the term in the latter sense should be avoided. 

The discovery of elements 93 to 103 is summarized in Table 18.1. The names and symbols from element 101 through 103 were approved in 1992 by lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) based on the report of the Transfermium Working Group (TWG) (Barber et al. 1992), which consisted of scientists appointed by both lUPAP (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics) and lUPAC. 

Because of the war, Kotani traveled abroad for the first time in 1950. He visited Paris and was relieved to hear the confirmation of the president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics that Japan had continued to be a member even during war years. It was suggested by the president that an international conference on theoretical physics should be organized in Japan. Kotani took this advice seriously, and in 3 years time the conference took place. In 1951, Kotani made a longer journey not only to Europe but also to the United States. He met first Coulson in London and then traveled to the United States to attend the Shelter Island Conference, where he finally got acquainted with many molecular scientists he knew only through their... 

The early history of experiments on the synthesis of the light transactinides is complicated by the report of results that could not be reproduced in subsequent experiments. The international union of pure and applied chemistry (lUPAC) and the international union of pure and applied physics (lUPAP) established a working group to answer questions of priority in the discoveries of the transfermium elements the report generated by the group [136] provides a reasonable analysis (though not without flaws) of the pertinent literature and underlies the following discussion. 

President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics... 

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