The International Agency for Research

Bromate has been classified as a human carcinogen by both the I/VRC (International Agency for the Research on Cancer) and the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) and is known to be toxic to fish and other aquatic life [11, 12]. Bromate could be produced in aquatic systems upon the oxidation of aqueous bromide. Controlled ozonation has been considered as an effective disinfectant tool in aquatic systems [13] but when sea water is subjected to ozonation, oxy-bromide ozonation by-products (OBP) are produced and these are important both in terms of their disinfection ability and also in relation to their potential toxicity. When seawater is oxidized, aqueous bromide (Br-) is initially converted to hypobro-mite (OBr ) which can then either be reduced back to bromide or oxidized further to bromate (Br03-) which is known to be toxic to fish and other aquatic life and classified as a human carcinogen. There has been thus a considerable interest in bromate analysis so that trace analysis of bromate in water has received considerable attention in recent years. 

IARC. 2001. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. International Agency for the Research on Cancer. Http //193.51.164.11/htdocs/Monographs/Vol77/77-01.html. Decerrber 10, 2001. 

International Agency for the Research on Cancer (lARC) (1999) Chloroform. lARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 

Lyon, France International Agency for the Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. 

Landolph JR (1985) Chemical transformation in C3H/ lOTl/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts Historical background, assessment of the transformation assay, and evolution and optimization of the transformation assay protocol. In Kakunaga T and Yamasaki H (eds.) Transformation Assay of Established Cell Lines Mechanisms and Application. Scientific Publication No. 67, pp. 185-198. Lyon, France International Agency for Cancer Research. 

Compiled by the Kemikalieinspektionen Library, Sweden. Includes criteria documents, reports, risk assessment reports in toxicology published by such agencies as the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and International Agency for Cancer Research. Publications 1972 to date. 

The International Agency for Cancer Research (lACR) has ascertained that protracted exposure to high acid concentrations in mists or aerosols is carcinogenic. 

In 1971 the International Agency for Cancer Research (lACR) initiated a program whose purpose was to evaluate the evidence for carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans." Based on an evaluation of epidemiologic studies, some 25 chemicals and 5 industrial processes, out of a total of 368 suspect... 

Sunderman FW Jr., ed. (1984) Nickel in the Human Environment, pp. 1-529. International Agency for Cancer Research, Lyon. 

Acroleiu, iu lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers andMcrolein, Vol. 19, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1979, pp. 479—494. 

Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and as a suspected human carcinogen by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). This is based on limited human evidence and on sufficient evidence in experimental animals (136). Lifetime inhalation studies with rodents have shown nasal cancer at formaldehyde concentrations that overwhelmed cellular defense mechanisms, ie, 6 to 15 ppm. No nasal cancer was seen at 2 ppm or lower levels (137). 

Eadier reports of a link between testicular cancer and DMF exposure have not been corroborated ia a study of 4000 Du Pont employees (34). Very recendy, inhalation studies ia mice and rats have shown no oncogenic effect from DMF (35). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) has concluded that evidence associating DMF with cancer ia animals is "iaadequate," but has classified DMF as "possibly carciaogenic to humans" (Group 2B) (36). 

A comprehensive study of the tolerance of laboratory animals to vapors of 2-nitropropane was reported in 1952 (100). In a study pubHshed in 1979, rabbits and rats survived exposure to nitromethane for six months at 750 and 100 ppm, respectively, with no unexpected findings (101). Similarly, no compound-related effects were found for rabbits exposed to 2-nitropropane at 200 ppm or for rabbits or rats exposed at 27 ppm. Liver damage was extensive in male rats exposed at 207 ppm for six months, and hepatocellular carcinomas were observed. Subsequendy, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) found that there is "sufficient evidence" to conclude that 2-nitropropane causes cancer in rats but that epidemiologic data are inadequate to reinforce the conclusion in humans (102). The National Toxicology Program also concluded that it "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen" (103). 

J. B. Guttenplan, in H. Bartsch, I. K. O NeiU, and R. Schulte-Hermann, eds.. The Relevance ofN-Nitroso Compounds to Human Cancers Exposures and Mechanisms lARC Scientific Pubhcation No. 84, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, Erance, 1987, pp. 129—131. 

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) has classified DEHP (44) as "an agent possibly carcinogenic to humans." However this classification is based only on the rodent studies and does not take into account the more recent understanding of the underlying mechanisms. 

---