Internal debt

The international debt crisis was brought about by Western bankers in search of quick profit and is now one of our most pressing problems. This book looks at the background and shows what we must do to avoid disaster. 

The two main uses for gold are in settling international debts and in the manufacture of jewellery, but other important uses are in dentistry, the electronics industry (corrosion-free contacts), and the aerospace industry (brazing alloys and heat reflection), while in office buildings it has... 

International debt crisis erupts and threatens the world financial system. It turns the 1980s into a lost decade for Latin America and other developing regions. 

Economic factors such as wealth, profit incentives, international debt, and isolation can contribute to the proliferation of chemical warfare capabilities. For example, oil-rich nations ruled by dictators (eg, Libya, Iraq) have been able to use their profits to acquire expensive delivery systems such as ballistic missiles and long-range bombers, along with associated support aircraft.1213 When shunned by major arms-systems producers such as the United States, Britain, France, and Russia, the oil-rich nations have approached other Western sources or those in less-developed nations, some of them deeply in need of foreign capital, such as Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Yugoslavia, Israel, Egypt, North Korea, or the People s Republic of China.1216... 

External debt is more risky than internal debt. If needed, sovereign governments can generally raise taxes or print money to service their internal debt. A shortage of external currencies can be more dramatic. This can be seen in the credit ratings delivered by agencies. 

The purpose of the book is to develop Putnam s internal realism. Even though I make few references to Putnam, and I do not undertake to comment on his views, my debt to him is huge. The most important ideas presented here have grown out of an attempt to understand what Putnam had in mind. Internal realism is characterized by three major commitments. First, the world is in a way dependent on the human mind. Second, truth is not completely independent of verification. Third, the world can be approached through many conceptual schemes. At first sight, this set of doctrines may look like a sort of idealism. I shall argue, however, that it accounts for our realist intuitions. Indeed, it accounts for our realist intuitions just as well as a very different version of realism, which - following Putnam - I shall call metaphysical realism. I shall also propose a way to understand the notion of conceptual scheme. It will take up many elements of the earlier notions. It will be Kantian in the sense that it will have a role in the constitution of the world as we know it. Conceptual schemes will be described as classificatory frameworks, which is similar to the positivist and the Kuhnian conception. I will also claim - as the advocates of the notion with the exception of Kant did - that there are several conceptual schemes. However, I shall also depart from the earlier notions, and, in... 

In 1982, a majority interest in Jari was sold to a consortium of 27 Brazilian companies for 280 million (Fearnside and Rankin 1982, Time 1982). A question remains as to who finally paid for the 720 million loss sustained by Ludwig when he sold Jari to the Brazilian investors. Ludwig s parent corporation. International Bulk Carriers of New York may have been able to take the loss as a tax deduction against U.S. income tax, or, Ludwig may have defaulted on part of his debt to Brazilian banks (Jordan and Russell 1989). 

The International Directory s sketch of Luhrizol in 1988 begins thus When scrutinizing Luhrizol, the world s largest manufacturer of petroleum additives, industry analysts have to pinch themselves to make sure they aren t dreaming. Until recently, the company had no long-term debt. ... 

He was one of the great leaders of the post-war era, both in teaching and research, and the debt we owe him is immeasurable. He set up two leading international research centres, one here in Uppsala, the other in Gainesville, Florida, and steered their development for decades. Through the Summer and Winter Institutes that these centres hosted almost every year since 1957, Per-Olov influenced many generations of aspiring theoreticians, both chemists and physicists. In our collective memory he will remain immortal... 

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