Intermediate crop

Growing an intermediate crop for 1 or 2 years, e.g. oil radish, an artificial meadow with lucerne or another deep-rooting sown plant, improves the... 

Uses. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is of interest in chemical and related industries where low toxicity and minimal environmental impact are important (134). For many years tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has been used as a specialty organic solvent. The fastest growing appHcations are in formulations for cleaners (135) and paint strippers (136), often as a replacement for chlorinated solvents (137). Other major appHcations include formulations for crop sprays, water-based paints, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles and leathers. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also finds appHcation as an intermediate in pharmaceutical appHcations. 

DIFLUOROBENZENES Interest in the commercialization of difluoroaromatics in crop protection chemicals and dmgs (Table 5) continues to be strong. Numerous liquid crystals containing the 1,2-difluorobenzene moiety have been synthesized. Table 6 lists physical properties of commercially significant intermediates such as o-, m-, and -difluorobenzene, 2,4-difluoroaniline and 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile. The LD q values for the three isomeric difluorobenzenes are identical 55 g/m for 2 h (inhalation, mouse) (127). 

Tribasic coppersulfate is usually prepared by reaction of sodium carbonate and copper sulfate. As the temperature of the reaction contents increases so does the size of the resulting particle. For use as a crop fungicide, intermediate (40—60°C) temperatures are used to obtain a fine particle. When lower temperatures are used to precipitate basic copper(II) sulfate, products high in sulfate and water of hydration are obtained. 

Apply operational controls in mill, including careful removal of surface defects at intermediate or final stages crop sufficiently to remove piped steel. 

Ring-fluonnated aromatics have found wide applications in pharmaceuticals, crop protection chemicals, polymer intermediates, liquid crystals, etc [10] Routes based on aromatic amines represent one of the major synthetic approaches to these compounds The scope and the techniques have been sufficiently described in reviews [//, I2 and monographs [13, 14, fi] Therefore, only reactions and techniques published after 1971 are discussed... 

Varieties which were intermediate in hardiness either had no significant yield depressions, or had a lighter crop than usual. In these varieties there was significant leaf death which will have delayed development in the growing season. 

A considerable number of mycotoxins that show high toxicity to vertebrates and/ or invertebrates are produced by organisms associated with crop plants (Flannigan 1991). There are many known cases of human poisoning caused by such compounds. There are three broad categories of mycotoxins represented here, based on the structures of the intermediates from which these secondary metabolites are derived. They are (1) compounds derived from polyketides, (2) terpenes derived from mevalonic acid, and (3) cyclic peptides and derivatives thereof. 

Association of pigment accumulation with DNA features can inform systematics and applied breeding in crop plants. For carotenoid content among crop plants, maize and tomato are best studied by this technique. Because there is interest in accumulation of various intermediate products in the pathway as well as end products, QTLs were developed for genetic determinates that are not independent of each other. Some QTLs affect multiple pigment contents. 

Commercial production of food products is conducted in large-scale processing plants. As already mentioned, tomatoes are processed in plants continuously from June to late fall (autumn), 24 h per day, 7 days per week. This is also true of potatoes, wheat, soybeans, corn, and other large-scale commodity crops. Some crops, such as grapes, that might have a relatively short harvest season, may be processed around the clock to generate intermediate products, such as juice or young wine that can be stored for extended periods of time, whereas final products, which can be made from the intermediate products, may be produced over time as consumer demand requires. Final products may also be stored in their final retail or food service containers until demand requires distribution. 

Cyanides are used widely and extensively in the manufacture of synthetic fabrics and plastics, in electroplating baths and metal mining operations, as pesticidal agents and intermediates in agricultural chemical production, and in predator control devices. Elevated cyanide levels are normally encountered in more than 1000 species of food plants and forage crops, and this probably... 

Figure 4. Content of Se in fodder crops in USA, ppm 1—low, <0.05 2—intermediate 3— sufficient, >o.l ppm, and4—high, up to 5,000 andmore (Besson andMartone, 1976).

Hexachlorobutadiene is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of rubber compounds (ERA 1982d). Lesser quantities of hexachlorobutadiene are used as a solvent, a fluid for gyroscopes, a heat transfer liquid, hydraulic fluid, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of chlorofluorocarbons and lubricants (ERA 1980 lARC 1979 Verschueren 1983). Small quantities are also used as a laboratory reagent (ERA 1982d). In the international market, Russia is reported to be one of the major users of hexachlorobutadiene, where it is used as a fumigant on grape crops. 

Kunz M (1993) Hydroxymethylfurfural, a possible basic chemical for industrial intermediates. In Fuchs A (ed) Inulin and inulin-containing crops. Elsevier, Amsterdam... 

It is not necessary to isolate the intermediate /3-hydroxy-ethylphthalimide before going on to the next step. However, recrystallization of the product from 250 ml. of boiling water yields an initial crop of white crystals m.p. 128°. The mother liquors will deposit further material until a yield of 95% may be obtained. 

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