Interfacial processes crystal structure

The most important difference between particles inside the bulk and in the interfacial layer comes from the surrounding environment of the particles the particles inside the bulk are in an isotropic environment, while those in the interface are in an anisotropic environment thus, in the interlayer, the forces between the particles are unbalanced. To reduce the resulting surface pressure, some additional processes occur that must be taken into account. On clean surfaces (for example, on a solid surface in vacuum), these processes are the bond-length contraction or relaxation and reconstruction of the surface particles (Somorjai 1994). It results in significantly reduced spacing between the first and second layers compared to the bulk. The perturbation caused by this movement propagates a few layers into the bulk. The other effect is that the equilibrium position of the particles changes that is the outermost layers can have different crystal structure than the bulk. This phenomenon is the reconstruction. 

As a starting point for considering the effect of impurity and solvent on crystallization, the growth and interaction process is examined in the framework of the fundamental solid-state, interfacial, and liquid phase (solute-solvent-impurity) chemistry. The solid-state chemistry is specific to a given crystalline material and the nature of the bonds (e.g., ionic, covalent, van der Waals, etc.) that hold the crystal structure together. A complete description of the solid-state aspects of crystal growth is beyond the scope of this... 

Although our own research has outlined a complete new theoretical concept, there is still a great need to invest further research into the fundamentals of blend technology, such as dispersion, interfacial phenomena, conductivity breakthrough at the critical concentration, electron transport phenomena in blends, and others. It is not the purpose of this section to review these aspects in greater depth than in Section 1.1 and Section 1.2. In the context of this handbook, it should be sufficient to summarize the basis of any successful OM (PAni) blend with another (insulating and moldable or otherwise process-able) polymer is a dispersion of OM (here PAni, which is present as the dispersed phase) and a complex dissipative structure formation under nonequilibrium thermodynamic conditions (for an overview, see Ref [50] for the thermodynamic theory itself, see Ref [15], for detailed discussions, cf Refs. [63,64]). Dispersion itself leads to the drastic insulator-to-metal transition by changing the crystal structure in the nanoparticles (see Section 1.1). 

In this level, the fundamental tasks required to convert the raw materials into the final product are identified. All tasks are related to property differences. Siirola (1996) has presented the following hierarchy of property differences molecular identity, amount, composition, phase, temperature/pressure, form. This list of tasks is not very well suited for food properties. Common tasks for food processes are decontamination (e.g. pasteurization and sterilization) and structure formation (e.g. emulsification, size reduction of dispersed phase in an emulsion, crystallization, interfacial adsorption/desorption). 

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