Biochemical interfaces

Yang, Z., Pandi, L., and Doolitde, R. F. (2002). The crystal structure of fragment double-D from cross-linked lamprey fibrin reveals isopeptide linkages across an unexpected D-D interface. Biochem. 41, 15610-15617. 

Bannwarth L, Reboud-Ravaux M (2007) An alternative strategy for inhibiting multidrug-resistant mutants of the dimeric HIV-1 protease by targeting the subunit interface. Biochem Soc Trans 35 551-554... 

Caprioli, R.M. DaGue, B. Fan, T. Moore, W.T. Microbore HPLC/mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptide mixtures using a continuous flow interface. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun., 1987, 146, 291-299 [LC-MS microbore gradient UV detection cow sheep pig horse]... 

Zografi, G. Zarenda, I. The Surface Activity of Phenothiazine Derivatives at the Air-Solution Interface. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1966,15, 591-598. 

Pengelly, K. Loncar, A. Perieteanu, A. A. Dawson, J. F. Cysteine engineering of actin self-assembly interfaces. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2009,87, 663-675. 

For mixture.s the picture is different. Unless the mixture is to be examined by MS/MS methods, usually it will be necessary to separate it into its individual components. This separation is most often done by gas or liquid chromatography. In the latter, small quantities of emerging mixture components dissolved in elution solvent would be laborious to deal with if each component had to be first isolated by evaporation of solvent before its introduction into the mass spectrometer. In such circumstances, the direct introduction, removal of solvent, and ionization provided by electrospray is a boon and puts LC/MS on a level with GC/MS for mixture analysis. Further, GC is normally concerned with volatile, relatively low-molecular-weight compounds and is of little or no use for the many polar, water soluble, high-molecular-mass substances such as the peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and similar substances found in biological systems. LC/MS with an electrospray interface is frequently used in biochemical research and medical analysis. 

Chemical appHcations of Mn ssbauer spectroscopy are broad (291—293) determination of electron configurations and assignment of oxidation states in stmctural chemistry polymer properties studies of surface chemistry, corrosion, and catalysis and metal-atom bonding in biochemical systems. There are also important appHcations to materials science and metallurgy (294,295) (see Surface and interface analysis). 

H. Marschner, Soil-root interface Biological and biochemical processe.s. Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health (P. Huang, ed.). Soil Science Stx iety of America, Madi.son, Wisconsin, 1998, p. 191. 

Thermodynamics of adsorption at liquid interfaces has been well established [22-24]. Of particular interest in view of biochemical and pharmaceutical applications is the adsorption of ionic substances, as many of biologically active compounds are ionic under the physiological conditions. For studying the adsorption of ionic components at the liquid-liquid interface, the polarized liquid-liquid interface is advantageous in that the adsorption of ionic components can be examined by strictly controlling the electrical state of the interface, which is in contrast to the adsorption studies at the air-water or nonpolar oil-water interfaces [25]. 

Jacobs, R. E. and White, S. E., The nature of the hydrophobic binding of small peptides at the bilayer interfaces implications for the insertion of transbilayer helices, Biochem.,... 

Matzke, M. and Matzke, A.J.M. (2003). RNA extends its reach. Science, 301, 1060-1061 Mulkidjanian, A.Y., Cherepanar, D.A., Heberle, J. and Junge, W. (2005). Proton transfer dynamics at membrane/water interface and the mechanism of biological energy conversion. Biochem. (Moscow), 70, 251-256... 

The abiotic characteristics of aqueous-solid phase interfaces strongly influence chemical/biochemical reactions in the interface microenvironment of aqueous-solid phases. These reactions at interfaces are controlled mainly by biotic activity. Specifically, all aqueous-solid phase microenvironments contain living microorganisms that mediate biochemical transformations. Solid phases (e.g., soil and sediment particles) usually contain billions of microorganisms, with the aqueous phase containing smaller, but still significant, populations [22,33-39]. 

D. Horsley, J. Herron, V. Hlady, and J. D. Andrade, Human and hen lysozyme adsorption A comparative study using total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular graphics, in Proteins at Interfaces Physicochemical and Biochemical Studies (J. L. Brash and T. A. Horbett, eds.), ACS Symposium Series No. 343, pp. 290-305, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1987). 

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