Interface configurations

The fluctuations of the local interfacial position increase the effective area. This increase in area is associated with an increase of free energy Wwhich is proportional to the interfacial tension y. The free energy of a specific interface configuration u(r,) can be described by the capillary wave Hamiltonian ... 

Figure 8.9 Synclinic and anticlinic layer interface configurations, differing in relative azimuthal angle <(> between director orientations for pair of adjacent layers, are illustrated. It appears that many, if not all, SmC and SmC materials possess wells for both synclinic and anticlinic configurations. Materials for which antichnic well is global minimum for system in some temperature...

Since intermolecular interactions at the interface play a key role, two representative interface structures were considered, which will be referred to as eclipsed (E) vs. staggered (S), see Fig. 3. These structures correspond to attractive vs. repulsive 7r-stacked interface configurations, which result from the following stacking patterns in the lowest-lying exciton state ... 

Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of the phonon-assisted exciton dissociation process. Due to the electronic state couplings, the photogenerated exciton (XT) wavepacket undergoes transitions to an interfacial charge transfer (CT) state, along with indirect XT — IS — CT transitions via an intermediate (IS) state (see panel (b)). In Ref. [52], the diabatic Hamiltonian of Eqs. (19)-(20) was parametrized for two relevant interface configurations (eclipsed (E) vs. staggered (S) as shown in panel (a)) which correspond to the configurations of Fig. 3.

In Refs. [50-53], two levels of analysis were successively addressed (i) a two-state XT-CT model which is able to capture the basic features of the phonon-mediated exciton dissociation process (ii) a three-state XT-IS-CT model which also comprises an intermediate state (IS), i.e., an additional charge transfer state whose presence can have a significant influence on the dynamics, see Fig. 6. In the latter case, comparative calculations for several interface configurations were carried out, leading to a realistic, molecular-level picture of the photophysical events at the heterojunction. In the following, we start with a summary of the findings reported in Refs. [50,51], where the two-state model was explored (Sec. 5.1). Following this, we address in more detail the analysis of Refs. [52,53] for the three-state model (Sec. 5.2). 

While the two-state XT-CT model accounts for some of the essential features of the exciton dissociation process, a more detailed, molecular-level picture should include (i) intermediate electronic states that feature a non-negligible coupling to the XT and/or CT states, (ii) an ensemble of relevant interface configurations, as illustrated in Figs. 3 and 6. In Refs. [52, 53], these two aspects have been addressed. This analysis further allows one to verify whether the conclusions of the two-state analysis are corroborated by a more realistic treatment. 

Fig. 9 Time-evolving state populations for the interface configurations of Fig. 3 (a) 3-state 28-mode wavepacket propagation for the E configuration, and (b) a complementary 2-state 28-mode calculation for the E configuration that was restricted to the XT-CT subspace (c) and (d) are analogous calculations for the S configuration. Reproduced from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2008 by the American Physical Society.

The bulk heterojunction material exhibits an ensemble of interface configurations, such that spectroscopic observables and measurable photocurrents reflect statistically averaged properties (with the exception of observations... 

The driver software controls how the printer processes the print job. When you install a printer driver for the printer you are using, it allows the computer to print to that printer correctly (assuming you have the correct interface configured between the computer and printer). 

It must, however, be noted that the marker function or the volume fraction does not uniquely identify the interface. Several different interface configurations may correspond to the same value of volume fraction (Fig. 4.3). Several specialized techniques have been proposed to track the interface accurately (Rider and Kothe, 1995 Rudman, 1997). Some of these techniques are discussed in Chapter 7. 

FIGURE 4.3 Possible interface configurations for the same value of volume fraction in the control volume (volume fraction = 0.5). 

The horizontal flat interface configuration between two fluids, the lower of which has a density p and the upper a density p < p, is also a stable configuration for deformations that are not too large. We have seen earlier in this chapter that gravity forces will cause a humped configuration such as that shown in Fig. 2-13 to go back to a flat configuration. However, even if the two fluids have the same density, surface tension will also drive the... 

Audit trail of events linked to resuits and laboratory analyst Data entry via barcode readers Use of modern windows-based screen interfaces Configurable reporting... 

They reported that the interface configuration of the two hquids was affected by the secondary flows induced by inertial forces acting at the corners of the microchannel. The results showed that the interface ccaifiguration was also dependent on the velocity, the density, and the viscosity of the fluid, as well as on the curvature radius and aspect ratio of the cross-sectional plane of the channel. Ookawara et al. [6] proposed a novel application for curved microchannels in which the curved channels were used to classify contained particles. The feasibflity of the proposed micro-separator/ classifier was verified both numerically and experimentally. Ueda et al. [7] investigated the curvature effect on the dynamics of long DNA in microfluidic devices. It was shown that under weak hydrodynamic flow, long DNA exhibited a curvature entropy trapping effect. However, this effect disappeared as the hydrodynamic flow was increased. 

Yamaguchi Y, Takagi F, Wataii T, Yamashita K, Nakamura H, Shimizu H, Maeda H (2004) Interface configuration of the two layered laminar flow in a curved microchannel. Chem Eng J 101 367... 

The stability conditions derived from linear analysis represent the necessary conditions for maintaining a smooth interface configuration. Therefore, Equations 18 and 19 should predict the stratified-smooth to stratified-wavy transitional boundary. The SS/SW transition is one of the flow pattern transitions reported in experimental studies of horizontal and inclined two-phase flows, (e.g., Mandhane et al. [77], Taitel and Dukler [19], Shoham [78], Lin and Hanratty [37,75], Andritsos and Hanratty [39,81], Simpson et al. [79], Luninski [80], Nakamura et al. [82]).The various flow patterns boundaries are conventionally mapped in the two-phases flow rates coordinates, U. vs. U. ... 

Fig. 14.1 Schematic illustration of two chanically modified working electrode-solution interface configurations used in ionic liquids studies. Scheme 1 An array of microparticles adhered to an electrode in contact with bulk ionic liquid. Scheme 2 An electrode-microparticle array-ionic liquid layer-aqueous electrolyte microchemical configuration. Adapted with permission from Zhang et al., Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 6938-6948 [23]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society...

Concus, R, Finn, R., and Weislogel, M. 1995. Proboscis container shapes for the USML-2 interface configuration experiment. In Ninth European Symposium Gravity Dependent Phenomena in Physical Sciences, May 2-5,1995, Berlin, Germany. US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, pp. 1-8. 

On the mesoscopic level the theoretical description considers the capillary wavelike interface configurations as the relevant degrees of freedom and takes into account their effective interactions. The corresponding effective Hamiltonian determines the free-energy... 

Within mean field theory the equilibrium interface configuration /(x, y) minimizes H[f], leading to... 

On the other hand, a proper theoretical interpretation of experimental results for ajhe < 5 would require a true three-dimensional modeling of particle deposition process with appropriate expressions for the many-body electrostatic interactions. An attempt in this direction was undertaken by Oberholzer et al. [196], who considered the true three-dimensional transport in a force field stemming fi om adsorbed particles and the interface. Because the authors still used the LSA approach (generaUzed for the two particle/interface configuration as previously mentioned), the deviation fi om the two-dimensional RSA simulations with respect to was found to be not too significant. 

With the appropriate hardware interface configuration (to control plasma potential) and modification of the operating parameters of the ICP, condi-... 

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