Intercalation expansion during

Binder action models are schematically shown in Figure 13.8 and are valid for all rechargeable batteries. In the case of the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries, there is a volume expansion during lithium intercalation or insertion. The effect of the binder is that it can buffer this volume change, which may not be negligible. 

Ultrastructural observations suggested that during invasion Plasmodium rhoptries extrude copious membranous material (see ref. 6 and references therein), which may provide a matrix for rhoptry proteins (13). Some rhoptry proteins bind to both erythrocyte inside-out vesicles and to vesicles prepared from phospholipids predominant in the erythrocyte membrane inner leaflet, particularly phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) (14,15). One has been shown to intercalate into the erythrocyte membrane (16). These proteins, the RHOP-H complex and SERA, are proposed to integrate differentially into the erythrocyte membrane upon invasion, causing an inward membrane expansion, to produce the parasitophorous vacuole. 

The best cathode material is NiPSj. No parameter expansion is observed during intercalation. The space group is C2/m. Lithium can occupy 2d or 4h octahedral sites or 4i and 8j tetrahedral sites. A localization in the octahedral voids is consistent with the following points (i) the Li-S distances (254 pm) are very similar to those found in LiTiSj (256 pm), where lithium is also in octahedral sites (ii) the number of available sites leads to the limit formula Lii jNiPSj, which is experimentally observed (iii) the small size of the tetrahedral voids will lead to a parameter expansion. On the discharge curve (Fig. 2) there is a small but reproducible discontinuity at x = 0.5. It is related to the filling of the first type of octahedral site (2d sites). 

The formation of a nanostructure in the intercalation compound not only enables the expansion and contraction of the host material during guest insertion and extraction, but also increases the surface to volume ratio. Recently, V2O5 synthesis focussed on the manufacture of nanostmctured or mesoporous scaffolds with the aim to improve their lithium ion intercalation properties, which are limited by an inherently low diffusion coefficient D < 10 cm s ) and a moderate electrical conductivity ([Pg.91]

This proposed mechanism of the electrochromic process in nickel oxide electrodes is further supported by measurements of the expansion of the oxide host matrix during the activation process, obtained by determining the mechanical stress induced by ion intercalation [25,26]. For this experiment, galvanostatic polarization (using very low current densities, i.e. of a few pA cm", to avoid undesired side reactions like metal electrodeposition)... 

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