Intensity observed

Regarding the intensity observed in the Ox direction without a polarizer, Ix is not detected and thus f0t,s = Iy + Iz- With a polarizer at an angle with respect to the vertical, the observed intensity becomes 

The lower intensity of CH2 + observed by Szabo must be attributed to the larger discrimination in the Stockholm apparatus, and this explanation corresponds well to the higher intensities observed by Maier than by TaProze, as already pointed out by Maier (50). 

A(g) is the signal intensity observed with an applied gradient g, A(0) is the intensity in the absence of an applied gradient, y is the nuclear gyromagnetic ratio, and (5 and A are time intervals of the pulsed field gradient spin—echo sequence. 

Equation (B2.3.10) shows that the scattered intensity observed in the laboratory is distorted from that hr the CM coordinate system. Those products which have a larger laboratory velocity or a smaller CM velocity will be observed in the laboratory with a greater intensity. 

Figure 10.3 Dependence of the gradient of the characteristic length scales on the irradiation intensity observed for PSAF/MMA mixtures with different compositions at room temperature. The 2D power spectra corresponding to the morphologies are indicated in the inset.

The intensity component Iz corresponding to oscillations of the electric field along the Oz axis cannot be detected by the eye or by a detector placed along this axis. The fluorescence intensity observed in the direction of this axis is thus Fx T Fy 2Fj.  

There exists a wide distribution of the cavitational activity in the sonoreactor with the maximum intensity observed just near the transducer (for the standard arrangements such as ultrasonic hom/bath). The intensity varies both axially as well as in the radial direction with decreasing trends as we go away from the transducer (in axial direction) and away from the axis passing through the center 

FIGURE 15.7 Landscape image of the data of Fig. 15.4. The height of each point is proportional to the intensity observed at that time. 

The interpretation of emission spectra is somewhat different but similar to that of absorption spectra. The intensity observed m a typical emission spectrum is a complicated fiinction of the excitation conditions which detennine the number of excited states produced, quenching processes which compete with emission, and the efficiency of the detection system. The quantities of theoretical interest which replace the integrated intensity of absorption spectroscopy are the rate constant for spontaneous emission and the related excited-state lifetime. 

The preexponential factors aF and aF are related to the concentration of each form [Pf] and [Pb], respectively. The relative intensity observed in the usual steady-state measurement due to each component is given by 

FIGURE 15.6 Gel image of the data in Fig. 15.4, where the density of the plot is proportional to the logarithm of the fluorescence intensity observed in each cycle. The data are plotted as a gray scale for low intensity components and a blue-green-yellow-red scale for the most intense components. 

Steady-State Fluorescence Depolarization Spectroscopy. For steady state depolarization measurements, the sample is excited with linearly polarized lig t of constant intensity. Observed values of P depend on the angle between the absorption and emission dipole moment vectors. In equation 2 (9), Po is the limiting value of polarization for a dilute solution of fluorophores randomly oriented in a rigid medium that permits no rotation and no energy transfer to other fluorophores  

Along the x axis, both sin 0y and sin 0 equal unity. The light consists of equal amounts of horizontally and vertically polarized components, that is, it is unpolarized, and has twice the intensity observed in the perpendicular directions. 

Choi and Funayama [19] also measured sodium atom emission from sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) solutions in the concentration range of 0.1-100 mM at frequencies of 108 kHz and 1.0 MHz. The sodium line intensity observed at 1 MHz was nearly constant in the concentration range from 3 to 100 mM and was considerably higher than that at 108 kHz. This frequency dependence of the intensity is opposite that for NaCl aqueous solution. The dynamical behavior of the absorption and desorption of surfactant molecules onto the bubble surface may affect the reduction and excitation processes of sodium atom emission. This point should be clarified in the future. 

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