Intellectual protection

Cooperative Research and Development Agreement. A CRADA is designed to involve industrial and government labs in cooperative research programs. A CRADA typically has provisions for sharing technical resources, protecting confidentiality, and treatment of intellectual property. The subject CRADA was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE). 

The future price of ionic liquids will also reflect intellectual property considerations. While the currently most frequently requested ionic liquids, the tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids, are all patent-free, many recently developed, new ionic liquid systems are protected by state of matter patents. Table 2.2-2 gives an overview of some examples published after 1999. 

In 1790 the formal U.S. Patent system was founded. Since that time the U.S. Patent Office has undergone numerous changes that have generally improved legal protection for intellectual property owned by individual citizens. 

Now that we are close to appreciating what constitutes an ELN system, the natural questions that a scientist might ask are What can an ELN system do for me How does it improve my work Can it be modified to accommodate my style and needs in recording data Can it record any and all data that 1 have And, importantly, can it protect my intellectual property ... 

Patents are the most important and strongest type of intellectual property. Patents protect inventions or technical innovations. Patents do not protect new designs (these are protected by copyright or registered designs), nor do... 

Most other major industrial countries have adopted similar rules, and in 2002 the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) Copyright Treaty of 1996 [25] entered into force for a number of countries, including Japan and the United States. Signatories to this treaty must ensure that computer programs are protected as literary works [26]. 

Trade secret protection is probably the weakest of all intellectual property rights. The US Uniform Trade Secret Act defines a trade secret as information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that (1) derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use and (2) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy [33]. 

Obtaining IP protection is only the first step. The intellectual property rights obtained are only useful if they can be exploited and—ultimately—unauthorized users of the rights can be stopped from exploiting them. 

The use of computers in developing new pharmaceutical products is nowadays commonplace, and a number of tools and databases have been developed to improve their use. Although intellectual property rights have to date rarely been the subject of court cases, protection is available and the courts are prepared to enforce these rights, even in an international context. 

Strong intellectual property protection for products both in the United States and around the world... 

Global intellectual property protection, in 2000 Industry Profile, PhRMA, Washington, DC, 2000. 

Cryptanalysis of UCLA Watermarking Schemes for Intellectual Property Protection... 

John Lach, William H. Mangione-Smith, and Miodrag Potkonjak. FPGA Fingerprinting Techniques for Protecting Intellectual Property , 1998 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Santa Clara, CA, pp. 299-302, May 1998. 213, 214,... 

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