Integrated flow microreactor systems

Microreactors have also been used for ionic polymerization or polycondensation processes. Nagaki et al. [136] have synthesized polystyrene-poly(alkyl methacrylate) block copolymers by butyllithium initiated anionic polymerization in an integrated flow microreactor system. A high level of control of molecular weight was achieved at temperatures between -28 and +24 °C due to fast mixing, fast heat transfer, and residence time control. Santos and Metzger... 

Fig. 10 Integrated flow microreactor system for anionic block copolymerization of styrenes in THF. Ml, M2 micromixers Rl, R2 microtube reactors...

Fig. 13 Integrated flow microreactor system for the synthesis of block copolymers having two different polymer chains on a silicon core. Ml, M2, M3, M4 T-shaped micromixers R1, R2, R3, R4 microtuhe reactors...

Controlled/Living Anionic Block Copolymerization of Styrenes and Alkyl Methacrylates Using Integrated Flow Microreactor Systems... 

Nagaki A, Imai K, Kim H et al (2011) Flash synthesis of TAC-101 and its analogues from 1,3,5-tribromobenzene using integrated flow microreactor systems. RSC Adv 1 758-760... 

Asai T, Takata A, Nagaki A, YosMda J (2012) Practical synthesis of photochromic diarylethenes in integrated flow microreactor systems. ChemSusChem 5 339—350. doi 10.1002/... 

An integrated flow microreactor system fabricated on a polymer-glass chip consisting of two T-junctions (T1 and T2) and two microchannel reactor (Rl and R2) can also be effectively used for flash chemistry (Fig. 8.2) [14]. Halogen-Lithium exchange reaction of o-bromophenyl isocyanide with n-BuLi generates a... 

An integrated flow microreactor system consisting of four micromixers and four flow microreactors shown in Fig. 9.2 can perform space integration of such reactions. In micromixer Ml, o-dibromobenzene is mixed with n-BuLi. In reactor Rl,... 

An integrated flow microreactor system farther allows the anionic living end of a propagating polymer to be usable in a subsequent reaction (space integration of reactions). For example, styrene monomer and -BuLi are mixed in a first mixer (Ml) and the anionic polymerization is conducted in the first reactor (Rl), and then, chlorosilane is introduced fiom a second micromixer (M2) (Fig. 10.14). This can form a polymer with the propagating end quantitatively trapped by a silyl group with narrow molecular weight distribution. 

As shown in Fig. 10.16, the use of integrated flow microreactor system allows two propagating ends, which are generated by anionic polymerization of two different styrene monomers to react consecutively with dichlorodiorganosilane to form a block polymer. Two chlorine atoms attached to the silicon atom are consecutively replaced by the two polymer chains. Thus, a block copolymer having a silicon core can be easily synthesized. 

Fig. 10.16 Synthesis of block copolymers having a silicon core using an integrated flow microreactor system...

The integrated flow microreactor system may also be used to add another alkyl methacrylate monomer at the living end of the propagating polymer to form a block copolymer (Fig. 10.18). To produce better results, the temperature at which the polymerization occurs may be changed depending on the type of the monomer. 

The MCPT research group and the University of Kyoto investigated the Murahashi coupling in a flow microreactor system [76] (Figure 11.27). Integration with the... 

One of the most successful applications of microsystem technology is the use of pTAS in diagnostics [332-335]. Microreactors have been integrated into automated analytical systems, which eliminate errors associated with manual protocols. Furthermore microreactors can be coupled with numerous detection techniques and pretreatment of samples can be carried out on the chip. In addition, analytical systems that comprise microreactors are expected to display outstanding reproducibility by replacing batch iterative steps and discrete sample treatment by flow injection systems. The possibility of performing similar analyses in parallel is an attractive feature for screening and routine use. 

Desktop Chemical Factory, Fig. 3 Glass-based microreactor system, (a) Scale-up of a microreactor system manufactured by Coming Inc., (b) A systematic flow chart for integrated microchemical processing [9]... 

The system presented demonstrates the possibility of low cost microfabrication for continuous flow microreactors with integrated mixing unit and analysis system This opens up completely new developments concerning chemical reactions in microscale devices... 

Another erample involves the design of a gas-phase microreactor system for the OTddation of CH4 and NH3 ]65]. The system utilizes the fabrication, assembly, and system integration principles from the computer industry. The reactor boards consist of several reactor channels and control functions for the gas flow rate and reaction temperature (Figure 11.13). The different reactor boards are highly modular and fit in the slots of a computer framework. 

Abstract A system integrating multiple flow microreactors that are connected to one another allows multiple reactions to be carried out continuously, or allows space integration of reactions. Flow microreactors that can set short residence times enable integration of reactions involving unstable short-lived reactive species as intermediates. Space integration of not only reactions of the same type but also of reactions of different types can be performed. 

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