Insulin therapy pharmacokinetics

Bolli, G.B., The pharmacokinetic basis of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 1989.6(4) S3-15 discussion S15-6. 

Brunetti, P. Bolli, G. (1997). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin relevance to the therapy of diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Nutrit. Metab. 10(1), 24-34. 

Knowledge of the patient s quantitative and qualitative meal patterns, activity levels, pharmacokinetics of insulin preparations, and pharmacology of oral antidiabetic agents for type 2 DM are essential to individualize the treatment plan and optimize blood glucose control while minimizing risks for hypoglycemia and other adverse effects of pharmacologic therapies. 

Christiansen, J. S., and Lauritzen, T., 1991, Pharmacokinetic aspects ofinsulin therapy— with special reference to pumps and pens versus conventional insulin treatment, in Pharmacology of Diabetes. Present Practice and Future Perspectives C. E. Mogensen and E. Standi, eds.), de Gmyter, Berlin, pp. 23-38. 

The pharmacokinetic profiles for both the NPH crystals and the co-crystals also reflected a similar pattern. Co-crystals containing 75% C8-HI demonstrated a more uniform and favorable pharmacokinetic profile over a period of 24 hours than the NPH crystals. Studies measuring the insulin AUC indicated a much faster absorption rate for the NPH crystals i.e. higher insulin AUC values) in the first 12 hours than the co-crystals, in accordance with the dissolution results. However, in the 12-24 hour period, there was a significant decrease in the AUC for the NPH insulin, while that for the co-crystals remained comparable to the 0-12 hour period. This uniformity and prolonged absorption rate made the co-crystals more suitable for basal therapy in gly-cemic control than the existing intermediate-acting NPH crystals. 

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