Instrument guidelines

Regardless of individual sample characteristics, there are several general instrumentation guidelines for performing the experiments described. Beginning with the NMR console itself, it is imperative that the system be able... 

Working Group on Instrumentation, Siting, Installation, and Site Metadata (2008) Instrumentation guidelines... 

The Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data with Data Tables covers a variety of components used in the chemical process industry, including electrical equipment, analyzers, instrumentation and controls, detectors, heat exchangers, piping systems, rotating equipment (pump, compressor, and fan), valves, and fire protection systems. 

Sizing of the blowdown drum and location of the level instruments are based on the following guidelines. The reader should refer to Figure 2 while reviewing the following items. 

The question is often asked. How often should calibration be carried out Is it sufficient to do it once, or should it be repeated The answer to this question depends on the instrument type. A very simple instrument that is robust and stable may require calibrating only once during its lifetime. Some fundamental meters do not need calibration at all. A Pitot-static tube or a liquid U-tube manometer are examples of such simple instruments. On the other hand, complicated instruments with many components or sensitive components may need calibration at short intervals. Also fouling and wearing are reasons not only for maintenance but also calibration. Thus the proper calibration interval depends on the instrument itself and its use. The manufacturers recommendations as well as past experience are often the only guidelines. 

Note that the indicated Benchmate parameters are guidelines and should be optimized for the instrument used. Instrument parameters may be adjusted to improve sample analysis. 

In most situations analysts can achieve a rapid reasonable separation of compounds using an appropriate standard CE method with generic operating conditions [877]. This eliminates or reduces dramatically the need for method development. Major instrumental error sources in CE are detection, integration and injection. General guidelines for validation of CE methods are available and similar to those of HPLC [878]. Validated CE methods often perform the same as, or better than, the corresponding HPLC methods. 

At the beginning of this section, we listed the various experiments that are available which make use of the Nuclear Overhauser Effect but as yet, we have made no attempt to indicate the pros and cons of each of these and under what circumstances one may be preferable over another. It is virtually impossible to give cast iron advice regarding the selection of one NOE experiment over another as the decision has to be based on a huge number of considerations, and on the instrumentation and software available to you. Having said that, we shall now attempt to establish some broad guidelines. 

References Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 2007 ISA TR84.00.04, Guidelines for the Implementation of ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004 (IEC 61511), Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, N.C., 2005 ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004, Functional Safety Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector, Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, N.C., 2004 IEC 61511, Functional Safety Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industry Sector, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. 

It is important that personnel understand how to achieve safe operation, but not at the exclusion of other important considerations, such as reliability, operability, and maintainability. The chemical industry has also found significant benefit to plant productivity and operability when SIS work processes are used to design and manage other instrumented protective systems (IPS), such as those mitigating potential economic and business losses. The CCPS book (2007) Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems discusses the activities and quality control measures necessary to achieve safe and reliable operation throughout the IPS lifecycle. 

Guidance can be found in the CCPS book (2007) Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems related to the development of the process requirements specification. 

Good practice guidelines illustrate how these parameters are typically examined for both normal and postulated abnormal conditions, such as variations in reactant quantity, concentration, agitation, sequence, time, failure of utilities, and instrumentation. Qualitative hazard evaluation protocols are not well suited for such complex chemical phenomena (e.g., the severity of an uncontrolled reaction under a loss of electrical power may not be apparent without sufficient test data). 

A common theme of industry guidelines is that every test result must be individually interpreted because of limitations and variations in conditions, and the complexity of the instrument. Factors such as sample size, container material, and heating rate can greatly affect results. Therefore, personnel with appropriate training and experience should be consulted both before testing and for interpretation of results. 

Guidelines on Approved or Certified Personal Protective Devices and Industrial Hazard Measuring Instruments... 

There is a need for far greater control of the process under farm conditions, for better information on the choice of plant, its management and for simple instrumentation or tests to indicate to users how the plant is operating. Guidelines and information on the most economic method of utilising biogas on individual farms is required. 

This section provides a brief discussion of the basic theoretical concepts of CE (including separation mechanisms), a description of CE instrumentation, and some guidelines in selecting conditions for a CE separation. Readers interested in more detailed presentations of CE theory and practice may consult References 1 to 8. Several general reviews of CE have been published,911 as well as specific reviews of protein analysis by CE.12-16... 

---