INSIGHT INTO Carbon

Hobbie, E. A., Macko, S. A. Shugart, H. H. (1999). Insights into carbon and nitrogen dynamics of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi from isotopic evidence. Oecologia, 118, 353-60. 

Farquhar J, Hauri E, Wang J (1999) New insights into carbon fluid chemistry and graphite precipitation SIMS analysis of granulite facies graphite from Pomnudi, South India. Earth Planet Sci Letters 171 607-621... 

Feng, G., S. Li, V. Presser, and P. T. Cummings. 2013. Molecnlar insights into carbon snpercapacitors based on room-temperature ionic liqnids. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4 3367-3376. 

Feng, G. Li, S. Atchison, J. S. Presser, V. Cummings, P. T, Molecular Insights into Carbon Nanotube Supercapadtors Capacitance Independent of Voltage and Temperature. J Phys Chem C 2013, 117,9178-9186. 

Variations in atmospheric oxygen have provided unique insight into carbon sources and sinks. Between 1990 and 1997, the mixing ratio of atmospheric O2 decreased by 25 ppmv, when that of atmospheric CO2 increased by 9 ppmv. The decrease in O2 is less than expected from fossil fuel combustion, which has an 02 C02 ratio of 1.43 0.02. As air-sea exchange of CO2 has little impact on atmospheric oxygen, and net land uptake has a O2 CO2... 

MacKenzie, K.J., Dunens, O.M., and Harris, A.T. (2013) Insights into carbon nanotube growth using an automated gravimetric apparatus. Carbon, 59,... 

Pullerenes, discovered in 1985 by Kroto et al. [1], have provided an exciting new insight into carbon nanostructures with geometric architectures made up of sp carbon units. Carbon nanotubes (CNT), first reported in 1991 by lijima [2], can be described as fullerenes that exist in cylindrical form. Due to their unprecedented physical and chemical properties, CNTs have generated huge activities in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and electrical engineering. To date, no material ever reported has displayed the combination of superlative mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties as with the case of CNTs. These unique properties therefore make carbon nanotubes not only ideal for a wide range of applications but also as an important test bed for fundamental research [3,4]. 

Zhang, J., Su, D.S., Zhang, A.H., Wang, D., Schlogl, R., Hebert, C., 2007, Nanocarbon as robust catalyst Mechanistic insight into carbon-mediated catalysis, Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 46, 7319-7323. 

Sumpter, B. G., D.-e. Jiang, and V. Meunier. New insight into carbon-nanotube electronic-structure selectivity. Small 4, 2008 2035-2042. 

In addition to the many applications of SERS, Raman spectroscopy is, in general, a usefiil analytical tool having many applications in surface science. One interesting example is that of carbon surfaces which do not support SERS. Raman spectroscopy of carbon surfaces provides insight into two important aspects. First, Raman spectral features correlate with the electrochemical reactivity of carbon surfaces this allows one to study surface oxidation [155]. Second, Raman spectroscopy can probe species at carbon surfaces which may account for the highly variable behaviour of carbon materials [155]. Another application to surfaces is the use... 

Temperature, pH, and feed rate are often measured and controlled. Dissolved oxygen (DO) can be controlled using aeration, agitation, pressure, and/or feed rate. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide formation can be measured in the outgoing air to provide insight into the metaboHc status of the microorganism. No rehable on-line measurement exists for biomass, substrate, or products. Most optimization is based on empirical methods simulation of quantitative models may provide more efficient optimization of fermentation. 

If the amount of the sample is sufficient, then the carbon skeleton is best traced out from the two-dimensional INADEQUATE experiment. If the absolute configuration of particular C atoms is needed, the empirical applications of diastereotopism and chiral shift reagents are useful (Section 2.4). Anisotropic and ring current effects supply information about conformation and aromaticity (Section 2.5), and pH effects can indicate the site of protonation (problem 24). Temperature-dependent NMR spectra and C spin-lattice relaxation times (Section 2.6) provide insight into molecular dynamics (problems 13 and 14). 

The direct linking of carbon nanotubes to graphite and the continuity in synthesis, structure and properties between carbon nanotubes and vapor grown carbon fibers is reviewed by the present leaders of this area, Professor M. Endo, H. Kroto, and co-workers. Further insight into the growth mechanism is presented in the article by Colbert and Smalley. New synthesis methods leading to enhanced production... 

Analysis of carbon compounds—even amino acids—from extraterrestrial sources might provide deeper insights into this mystery. John Cronin and Sandra Pizzarello have examined the enantiomeric distribution of unusual amino acids obtained from the Murchison meteorite, which struck the earth on September 28, 1969, near Murchison, Australia. (By selecting unusual amino... 

Several products other than 2,2 -biaryls have been isolated following reaction of pyridines with metal catalysts. From the reaction of a-picoline with nickel-alumina, Willink and Wibaut isolated three dimethylbipyridines in addition to the 6,6 -dimethyl-2,2 -bipyridine but their structures have not been elucidated. From the reaction of quinaldine with palladium-on-carbon, Rapoport and his co-workers " obtained a by-product which they regarded as l,2-di(2-quinolyl)-ethane. From the reactions of pyridines and quinolines with degassed Raney nickel several different types of by-product have been identified. The structures and modes of formation of these compounds are of interest as they lead to a better insight into the processes occurring when pyridines interact with metal catalysts. 

It can be summarized from the available data in Table 3 that supported palladium catalysts selectively hydrogenated carbon-carbon double bonds in the presence of the nitrile group in NBR. However, there is no detailed fundamental study on heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of nitrile rubber in the literature that can provide an insight into the reaction. The available information is limited since most of the literature is patented. 

Carbonic anhydrase an insight into the zinc binding site and into the active cavity through metal substitution. I. Bertini, C. Luchinat and A. Scozzafava, Struct. Bonding (Berlin), 1982, 48, 46-92 (296). 

In-vitro models can provide preliminary insights into some pharmacodynamic aspects. For example, cultured Caco 2 cell lines (derived from a human colorectal carcinoma) may be used to simulate intestinal absorption behaviour, while cultured hepatic cell lines are available for metabolic studies. However, a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacokinetic effects vfill require the use of in-vivo animal studies, where the drug levels in various tissues can be measured after different dosages and time intervals. Radioactively labelled drugs (carbon-14) may be used to facilitate detection. Animal model studies of human biopharmaceutical products may be compromised by immune responses that would not be expected when actually treating human subjects. 

Bertini I, Luchinat C, Scozzafava A (1982) Carbonic Anhydrase An Insight into the Zinc Binding Site and into the Active Cavity Through Metal Substitution. 48 45-91 Bertrand P (1991) Application of Electron Transfer Theories to Biological Systems. 75 1-48 Bill E, see Trautwein AX (1991) 78 1-96 Bino A, see Ardon M (1987) 65 1-28 Blanchard M, see Linares C (1977) 33 179-207 Blasse G, see Powell RC (1980) 42 43-96... 

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