Polychlorinated insecticides

Winger, P.V., C. Sieckman, T.W. May, and W.W. Johnson. 1984. Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 67 325-333. 

Giesy JP, Verbrugge DA, Othout RA, et al. 1994. Contaminants in fishes from Great Lake influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 27 202-212. 

Hendrickson CM, Bowden JA. 1976. In vitro inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase by insecticidal polychlorinated hydrocarbons I. Mechanism of inhibition Possible association of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide with mirex. J Agric Food Chem 24(2) 241-244. 

See also Bromoform Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Chlorobenzene Chloroform Organochlorine Insecticides Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Trihalomethanes. 

International Standards Organisation (1996) Water quality - determination of certain organochlo-rine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes - gas chromatographic method after liquid-liquid extraction. ISO 6468 1996. 

Cyclodienes. These are polychlorinated cycHc hydrocarbons with endomethylene-bridged stmctures, prepared by the Diels-Alder diene reaction. The development of these insecticides resulted from the discovery in 1945 of chlordane, the chlorinated adduct of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and cyclopentadiene (qv). The addition of two Cl atoms across the double bond of the ftve-membered ring forms the two isomers of chlordane [12789-03-6] or l,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3t ,4,7,7t -hexahydro-4,7-methano-lJT-indene, QL-trans (mp 106.5°C) and pt-tis (32) (mp 104.5°C). The p-isomerhas signiftcantiy greater insecticidal activity. Technical chlordane is an amber Hquid (bp 175°C/267 Pa, vp 1.3 mPa at 25°C) which is soluble in water to about 9 fig/L. It has rat LD qS of 335, 430 (oral) and 840, 690 (dermal) mg/kg. Technical chlordane contains about 60% of the isomers and 10—20% of heptachlor. It has been used extensively as a soil insecticide for termite control and as a household insecticide. 

Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and application of) (Vol. 53 1991) Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3] (Vol. 18, Suppl. 7 1987)... 

Weil LG, Dure G, Quentin KL. 1974. [Solubility in water of insecticide chlorinated hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in view of water pollution.] Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 7 169-175. (German)... 

Approximately 10 million pounds of trichloroethylene are used aimually as a chain transfer agent in the production of polyvinyl chloride (McNeill 1979). Other chemical intermediate uses of trichloroethylene include production of pharmaceuticals, polychlorinated aliphatics, flame retardant chemicals, and insecticides (Mannsville 1992 Windholz 1983). Trichloroethylene is used as a refrigerant for low-temperature heat transfer (Cooper and Hickman 1982 lARC 1979 McNeill 1979) and in the aerospace industry for flushing liquid oxygen (Hawley 1981 Kuney 1986). 

Amberlite XAD-2 resin is a suitable adsorbent for polychlorinated biphenyl and chlorinated insecticides (DDT and metabolites, dieldrin) in seawater. These compounds can be suitably eluted from the resin prior to gas chromatography [356,358]. 

Picer and Picer [357] evaluated the application ofXAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax macroreticular resins for concentrations of chlorinated insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater prior to analysis by electron capture gas chromatography. The solvents that were used eluted not only the chlorinated hydrocarbons of interest but also other electron capture sensitive materials, so that eluates had to be purified. The eluates from the Tenax column were combined and the non-polar phase was separated from the polar phase in a glass separating funnel. Then the polar phase was extracted twice with n-pentane. The -pentane extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated to 1 ml and cleaned on an alumina column using a modification of the method described by Holden and Marsden. The eluates were placed on a silica gel column for the separation of PCBs from DDT, its metabolites, and dieldrin using a procedure described by Snyder and Reinert [359] and Picer and Abel [360]. 

Zhou JL, Maskaoui K, Qiu YW, Hong HS, Wang ZD (2001) Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China. Environ Pollut 113(3) 373-384... 

McLane, M.A.R., E.H. Dustman, E.R. Clark, and D.L. Hughes. 1978. Organochlorine insecticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in woodcock wings, 1971-72. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 12 22-25. 

Mora, M.A., H.J. Auman, J.P. Ludwig, J.P. Giesy, D.A. Verbrugge, and M.E. Ludwig. 1993. Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides in plasma of Caspian terns relationships with age, productivity, and colony site tenacity in the Great Lakes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 320-331. 

Goerlitz and Law [59] determined chlorinated insecticides in sediment and bottom material samples, which also contained polychlorobiphenyls by extracting the sample with acetone and hexane. The combined extracts were passed down an alumina column. The first fraction (containing most of the insecticides and some polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes) was eluted with hexane and treated with mercury to precipitate sulphur. If the polychlorinated hydrocarbons interfered with the subsequent gas chromatographic analysis, further purification on a silica gel column was necessary. 

Japenga et al. [56] determined polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides in River Elbe estuary sediments by a procedure in which the sediments were pretreated with acetic acid, mixed with silica and Soxhlet-extracted with benzene/hexane. Humic material and elemental sulphur were removed by passing the extract through a chromatographic column containing basic alumina, on which sodium sulphite and sodium hydroxide were adsorbed. Silica fractionation was followed by gas chromatography to analyse chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Recovery experiments with standard solutions gave recoveries of 90-102%. 

A method has been described [55] for separating polychlorinated biphenyls from chlorinated insecticides. This procedure involves adsorption chromatography on alumina and charcoal columns, elution with increasing fractional amounts of hexane on alumina columns, and with acetone-diethyl ether on charcoal columns. The polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides are then determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on the separate eluates without interference. 

Our final (and contrasting) examples are dieldrin (10.135) and endrin (10.136), two isomeric polychlorinated insecticides that contain exo-epoxide... 

Pines A, Cucos S, Ever-Hadani P, et al. 1987. Some organochlorine insecticide and polychlorinated biphenyl blood residues in infertile males in the general Israeli population of the middle 1980 s. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 16 587-598. 

Wassermann M, Ron M, Bercovici B, et al. 1982. Premature delivery and organochlorine compounds Polychlorinated biphenyls and some organochlorine insecticides. Environ Res 28 106-112. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), known by their trade marks of Arochlor (Monsanto U.S.), Phenochlor (in France), and Clophen (in Germany) are chemically similar to the chlorinated insecticides. Although not used for this purpose, their existence and persistence in the environment is well established. They were used to make more flexible and flame retardant plastics and are still used as insulating fluids in electrical transformers since there is no substitute in this application. They have been made by Monsanto since 1930 and were first discovered as a pollutant in 1966. U.S. production peaked at 72 million lb in 1970 but in 1975 it was down to 40 million Ib/yr because in 1971 Monsanto voluntarily adopted the policy of selling PCBs only for electrical systems. At least 105 PCBs are present in the environment. 

Methotrexate Organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides Ozone Polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls... 

This technology is applicable for the treatment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other halogenated contaminants, such as insecticides, herbicides, pentachlorophenol (PCP), lindane, and chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans. The contaminant matrix can be soil, sludge, sediments, or oil. It can treat oily sludges, coal by-products, and wood-treating compounds. 

The types of compounds that are of concern as contaminants are chlorinated insecticides, organophosphates, herbicides, fungicides, fas-ciolicides (phenolic compounds administered to cattle to control liver flukes), antibiotics and sulfonamides, detergents and disinfectants, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Contaminants in milk have been reviewed by Kroger (1974) and Snelson (1979). In several cases, allowable levels for specific contaminants in milk have been set by the World Health Organization. Surveys have seldom revealed levels in excess of such standards. 

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