Nets, insecticidal

The World Health Organization (WHO) and its partners initiated a project named Roll Back Malaria in 1998 (9). Its objective is a 50% reduction of the malaria burden by 2010. To reach its objective, the Roll Back Malaria project wanted to promote the development of a long-lasting insecticidal net. A long-lasting insecticidal net was important because re-treatment rates after washing are very low even in urban areas, and it is difficult to access remote areas. 

Olyset Net, a Long Lasting Insecticidal Net for Malaria Control... 

M. Coosemans. Repellents as added control measure to long lasting insecticidal nets (MalaResT), http // clinicaltrials. gov/show/NCTOl 663831, 2012. 

N. HUl, H. N. Zhou, P. Wang, X. Guo, I. Carneiro, and S. J. Moore, A household randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of 0.03% Transfluthrin coils alone and in combination with long-lasting insecticidal nets on the incidence of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria infection in western Yunnan Province, China, Malaria Journal, in press. 

S. P. Onyango, E. L. Turner, E. T. Simfukwe, J. E. Miller, and S. J. Moore. A cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of using 15% DEET topical repellent with long lasting insecticide nets (LLlNs) compared to a placebo lotion with LLINs on malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian village. Malaria Journal, in press. 

Diatomaceous Earth. .. then it couldn t have any significant insecticidal properties and would be labeled as something other than diatomaceous earth. http //froebuck.home.texas.net/toppage7.htm... 

Containers of insecticides and other economic poisons must bear labels showing the name or brand of the article, the net contents, the name and address of the manufacturer or distributor, an ingredient declaration, an appropriate warning or caution statement, including the word POISON (in red), the skull and crossbones, and an antidote statement on highly toxic materials. Adequate directions for use must accompany each economic poison. Devices subject to the act are not required to bear labels but if they... 

The main devices used for mosquito protection in households have been mosquito coils, electric mosquito mats, and liquid vaporizers, all of them methods that vaporize insecticides into the air using heating by means of fire or electricity to control the insects. In recent years, new anti-mosquito products have been commercialized such as fan vaporizers, paper strip type emanators, and resin net type emanators which vaporize insecticides without heating. In all of these products pyrethroid insecticides are used as active ingredients because they are superior in what is called knockdown effect, where noxious insects are rapidly paralyzed and cannot bite, and have a high level of safety for humans. 

Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004. 

When patients are counseled on the prevention of malaria, it is imperative to emphasize measures to prevent mosquito bites (eg, with insect repellents, insecticides, and bed nets), because parasites are increasingly resistant to multiple drugs and no... 

Aquatic Invertebrates. The initial impact of insecticides on most benthic invertebrates in streams is the inability to maintain their position on the streambed resulting in increased numbers being carried downstream in what is termed drift. Invertebrate drift in treated streams is easily sampled by holding a net in the current. Post-spray catches can be compared to both pre-spray diurnal patterns and catches at an untreated upstream station or in an untreated control stream. This method also can be used to document knockdown of streamside foliage-dwelling or arboreal insects if the net is set so as to sample the stream s surface. Impacts on stream invertebrates can also be determined by caging studies and by pre- and post-spray bottom fauna population assessments which either sample the numbers within a given area of natural streambed (e.g., Surber sampler) or on artificial substrates intentionally set in the stream before treatment to be colonized by resident populations. 

Choose an all-natural anti-mosquito product, such as the Herbal Insect Repellent from Real Purity (http //realpu rity.com) or a different product that can be easily tolerated, but avoid all chemical creams and spray cans. It is very risky to keep using such products with regard to the possible deterioration of your situation. If you re able to tolerate essential oils, tea tree oil is also a good substance to ward off mosquitoes and other biting insects. It also helps treat the itch and the swelling when you ve already been bitten. Use organic tea tree oil (see entry 297) Avoid cheaper (often synthetic) essential oils, which can cause reactions in those with sensitivities. Do not use a mosquito net that has been treated with an insecticide. 

It should go without saying that an MCS patient should never come into contact with insecticides or pesticides. Use a mosquito net and window screens. Work with organic products or have someone else do the work for you outside, but never use harmful chemicals within your home. Also see entry 372. 

Since the Expert Committee last considered the chemistry and specifications of pesticides in 1989, 12 pesticide products have been fully evaluated for vector control, mainly for indoor residual spraying and insecticide treatment of mosquito nets for malaria vector control WHO specifications have been published for these products. 

Malaria vector control accounts for 80-90% of total pesticide use for public health purposes. Residual spraying uses the greatest volume of insecticides. However, the treatment of mosquito nets and other materials with pyrethroid inseetieides is becoming an additional important method for personal protection and reduction of transmission of malaria. 

DDT continues to be the pesticide most used in malaria vector control programmes in the Region with no significant decrease in overall quantities, although in some countries use has declined considerably. The introduction of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and the replacement of DDT by synthetic pyrethroids for indoor residual spraying have contributed to an increase in the public health use of pyrethroids. 

Every country in Latin America and the Caribbean has at some time developed a national malaria control programme. In the past, these programmes were responsible for applying most of the insecticides used in public health. However, conventional indoor residual applications have now declined. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets have been used to a limited extent and several countries have used space spray applications as an alternative or supplement to residual applications. In southern Mexico, low-volume residual application of insecticides using motorized back-pack UL sprayers has been evaluated for malaria and dengue control. 

For malaria control, insecticide-treated mosquito nets constitute the main control strategy. Coverage continues to increase, with some of... 

In the dipping method, the insects are picked up with a pair of forceps and dipped into the insecticide preparation, which is either a suspension or an emulsion. A dipping net or a screened container can also be devised for exposure of the insects for a few seconds. The dose is varied by increasing the concentrations in a series of beakers. After treatment, the insects are placed in clean containers and mortality counts are made after a suitable interval. 

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