Inorganic Nucleating Agents

For poly(cyanoaryl ether)s, suitable nucleating agents are alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum powder, titanium dioxide and calcium fluoride. In contrast, kaolin, talc, mica, silica, calcium carbonate, a metal salt of an aliphatic acid, etc., which are frequently used for poly(ester)s, exhibit no effective action upon the crystallization of a polyfcyanoaryl ether) (13). 

Pyrogenic silicic acid (Aerosil ) has been proposed as a nucleating agent for PA (14). Actually, Aerosil is a multipurpose agent 

Titanium dioxide Magnesium oxide 4-ferf-butylbenzoic acid Adipic acid Diphenylacetic acid Sodium succinate Sodium benzoate lonomers 

4-Bis-(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol Disodium[2.2.1]heptanebicyclodicarboxylate Aluminum 2,2 -methylene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate Semi-crystalline branched or coupled poly(olefin)s (9) 

Examples of nucleating agents for poly(esters) are talc, calciiun fluoride, sodium phenyl phosphonate, alumina, and in addition, finely divided poly(tetrafluoroethylene). 

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D.W. Vanbesien, J.L. Belelie, G. Iftime, N. Chopra, K. Morimitsu, and P.G. Odell, Phase change inks comprising inorganic nucleating agents. 

There appears to be no physical (e.g., crystal habit or morphology) or chemical (e.g., surface groups) correlation to identify which nucleating agent works best with which polymer matrix. However, it is known that dibenzylidene sorbitol works best with PP (it is sometimes called a clarifier because it enhances transparency), and inorganic benzoate salts are successful with PET. 

Jenne, E. A., Girvin, D. C., Ball, J. W., and Burchard, J. M. Inorganic speciation of silver in natural waters - fresh to marine. Chapter 4, p. 41-61, Klein, D. A., ed., "Environmental Impacts of Nucleating Agents Used in Weather Modification Programs," 256 p. Dowder, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsberg, Pa. 1978. 

Nanofillers have actually been around for decades (the oldest for over a century) carbon blacks, pigments, precipitated silicic acid (Ultrasil, Degussa-Hiils), pyrogenic silicic acids (Aerosile, Degussa-Hiils), phyllosilicates, nucleation agents, reactive silicone nanoparticles for epoxy resins, ceramic materials and inorganic-organic hybrid particles from sol-gel transformations, for example synthetic, dispersible aluminate (boehmite) powder. 

Twenty chemical groups of inorganic and organic chemical are involved in production of nucleating agents. They include acids amides... 

Substrates which are suitable as host materials for epitaxial growth of synthetic polymers, include inorganic materials (mainly alkali hahdes), organic materials (aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic carboxylic acids, their salts, hydroquinone, and pigments). Some of these are used as the common nucleating agents. 

Cellulose acetate butyrate can be nucleated using polyolefin waxes, paraffins, Fis-cher-Tropsch waxes, esters and amides of fatty adds, or inorganic particles. The typical concentration of nucleating agent used in formulation is 0.25 wt%. ... 

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