Inorganic fermentations

In alkaline solution the activity of the colloidal platinum increases to a maximum with increase of alkalinity, and then decreases. In this respect it behaves in an analogous manner to certain inorganic ferments.9 Exposure to Rontgen rays retards the reaction.10 Colloidal rhodium,11 palladium, iridium,12 silver, and gold behave in an analogous manner... 

It has been demonstrated that SO -reducing bacteria have the abihty to conduct inorganic fermentations of sulfur compounds, or sulfur disproportionation (Bak and Cypionka, 1987). The ability to disproportionate thiosulfate, sulfite and elemental sulfur (S°) has been found in many SO -reducing genera (Kramer and Cypionka, 1989), and it occurs as follows ... 

This process has sometimes been called an inorganic fermentation although such a usage is potentially misleading as fermentation is generally associated with substrate-level phosphorylation which is probably not the process of ATP generation utilized during the disproportionation of sulfur compounds. 

A form of inorganic fermentation of sulfur compounds was discovered in recent years in several sulfate reducers and other anaerobic bacteria (Bak and Cypionka 1987). These organisms may cany out a disproportionation of S , Spf - or S03 by which H S and are formed simultaneously (Eqs. 5.4 and 5.5). Disproportionation reactions have turned out to... 

The Fermentation Process The process by which this antifungal substance is produced is an aerobic fermentation of an aquaous nutrient medium inoculated with a pimaricin-producing strain of Streptomycesgihrosporeus. The nutrient medium contains an assimilable source of carbon such as starch, molasses, or glycerol, an assimilable source of nitrogen such as corn steep liquor and Inorganic cations such as potassium, sodium or calcium, and anions such as sulfate, phosphate or chloride. Trace elements such as boron, molybdenum or copper are supplied as needed in the form of impurities by the other constituents of the medium. 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

Wohler s preparation of urea from ammonium cyanate, which could in principle be derived totally from inorganic constituents, is cited as an early demonstration (1828) that living cells were not obligatorily required for the synthesis of natural products. I can prepare urea without requiring a kidney or an animal—either man or dog. Three years after the death of Pasteur the finding by Hans and Edouard Buchner (1897) that fermentation still occured in a cell-free extract from yeast and so did not require the presence of organized cells, was virtually the final nail in the coffin for vitalism and an essential preliminary to the study of intermediary metabolism (Chapter 4). 

Tolerances of inorganic bromide in processed food as a result of fumigation with methyl bromide Tolerances for residues of inorganic bromide from fumigation with methyl bromide on cereal grains and processed grains used in production of fermented malt beverages... 

An astonishing recent discovery is that there are bacteria living deep in the Earth s crust. Colonies of anaerobic bacteria have been isolated from boreholes 1,500 m deep in basaltic rock formations. The bacteria use H2 as electron donor, which may originate from fermentation of organic matter, or from a purely inorganic reaction of iron of the Earth s core with water (Stevens and McKinley 1995 Anderson et al. 1998). 

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