Rontgen rays

Rontgen rays An alternative name for X-rays, which were discovered by Rontgen in... 

Rontgen-priifung, /. X-ray testing or examination. -rfihre, /. Rontgen tube. X-ray tube, -spektralanalyse, /. X-ray spectrum analysis, -spektrum, n. X-ray spectrum, -strahlen, m.pl. Rontgen rays, X rays. 

Two fundamental discoveries about the structure of the atom and electromagnetic radiation also occurred during this period and provided a foundation for instrumentation that would be fundamental in furthering our understanding of soil chemistry. One was the discovery of X-rays, also sometimes called Rontgen rays, discovered in 1895, by W. Rontgen [24], The second was made by J. J. Thomson in 1912. He observed positive rays and described how these could be used to identify compounds and elements. Subsequently, he presented a clear description of the process in 1913. This led to the development of mass spectrometry [25],... 

In alkaline solution the activity of the colloidal platinum increases to a maximum with increase of alkalinity, and then decreases. In this respect it behaves in an analogous manner to certain inorganic ferments.9 Exposure to Rontgen rays retards the reaction.10 Colloidal rhodium,11 palladium, iridium,12 silver, and gold behave in an analogous manner... 

Keesom, W. H., and J. DeSmedt On the Diffraction of Rontgen-Rays in Liquids. Akademie Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Proceedings 25, 118 (1922). 

Debije, P. [Debye, P.] Uber den Einfluss der Warmebewegung auf die Interferen-zerscheinungen bei Rontgenstrahlen. [Influence of heat motion on the interference phenomena of Rontgen rays. ] Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 15, 678-689 (1913). 

Waller, I. Zur Frage der Einwirkung der Warmebewegung auf die Interferenz von Rontgenstrahlen. [The question of the influence of heat motion on the scattering of Rontgen rays.] Z. Physik 17, 398-408 (1923). 

CRO 11b] CROWTHER J.A., On a attempt to detect diffusion in a pencil of Rontgen rays ,... 

GLA 10] GLASSON J.L., Secondary Rontgen rays from metallic salts , Proe. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 15, p. 437-441,1910. 

THO 97c] THOMSON J.J., Note on the Rutherford paper On the electrification of gases exposed to Rontgen rays and the absorption of Rontgen radiation by gases and vapours ,... 

Takagi, Y., Kikuchi, T., Mizutani, T., Imafuku, M., Sasaki, S., and Mori, T., Upgrade of triple-axis/four-circle diffractometer at PF-BL3A, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66,1802,1995. Huang, T.C., Toney, M.F., Brennan, S., and Rek, Z., Analysis of cobalt-doped iron oxide thin films by synchrotron radiation. Thin Solid Films 154, 439, 1987. Scherrer, R, Estimation of Size and Internal Structure of Colloidal Particles by Means of Rontgen Rays, Gdttinger Nachrichten 2, 98, 1918. King, H.P and Alexander, L.E. X-ray diffraction procedures, WUey, New York, 1954. 

The absorption coefficient for Rontgen rays exhibits, in fact, no maxima of the kind which produces absorption lines it shows rather a continuous variation, broken only at certain places by the so-called absorption edges, at which a sudden increase in absorption coefficient occurs if the frequency is increased through them (fig. 15). 

Many years ago, therefore, it became evident that Lavoisier s definition would have to be replaced by a new one more in harmony with the known facts of the case. Fortunately chdknists had not far to turn. In 1895 R ntgen, professor of physics in the University of Wtirzburg in Bavaria, discovered that when matter is bombarded with cathode rays it emits new rays of extraordinary penetrating power. These rays, often now called ROntgen rays, were termed X-rays as their nature was then unknown, just as iodine was referred to as substance X at the time of its discovery (p. 48) before it was recognised to be an element. 

The modem study of the physical properties of the solid state essentially began in 1912 with the publication of a paper by Laue and coworkers on the diffraction of Rontgen rays (now known as x-rays) [4]. In the first part of the paper, Laue developed an elementary theory for the diffraction of x-rays by a periodic array of atoms, while in the... 

Lattey, R.T., Effect of small traces of water vapor on the velocities of the ions produced by rontgen rays in air, Proc. R. Soc. London A 1911, 84, 173-181. 

Thomson, J.J. Rutherford, E. On the passage of the electricity through gases exposed to Rontgen rays. Philos. Mag. 1896,42, 392-407. 

Thomson, J. J., The effect of Rontgen rays on liquid and solid insulators. Nature, 55,606,1897. 

---