Inoculation Techniques

The first method is quite simple. Using an autoclaved glass syringe, inject 30-50 ml. of sterilized water into a healthy culture. Then scrape the surface of the mycelial mat, drawing up as many fragments of mycelium as possible. As little as 5 ml. of mycelial suspension adequately inoculates a quart jar of grain. 

The second method incoporates a blender with an autoclavable container-stirrer assembly. (Several companies sell aluminum and stainless steel units specifically manufactured for liquid culture techniques—refer to the sources listed in the Appends). Fill with water until two thirds to three quarters full, cover with aluminum foil (if a Tight fitting metal top is not handy), sterilize and allow to cool to room temperature. 

When using metal lids a small 1 -2 mm. hole can be drilled and then covered with tape. When 

The liquid inoculation technique works well provided the oultures selected are free from foreign pspores otherwise the entire set of jars inooulated from that dish will be lost. The disadvantage with 

Although mycelial suspensions oreated in this manner work for many speoies, the myoelia of some mushrooms do not survive the stirring prooess. 

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A detailed review of inoculation techniques has been presented by Herbert (1973). 

Musabyimana, T., Sehene, C. and Bandyopadhyay, R. (1995) Ergot resistance in sorghum in relation to flowering, inoculation technique and disease development. Plant PatboL, 44,109-115. 

Again, all plants became infected both in the field and in the greenhouse. These experiments confirmed that with the use of a suitably aggressive inoculation technique, C. purpurea is capable of colonizing a wide range of not only pooid, but also chloridoid and some panicoid hosts. Natural occurrences of C. purpurea on the species of Setaria and Pennisetum were reported from South Africa (Doidge, 1950). Brewer and Loveless (1977) took honeydew from Pennisetum macrourum and inoculated wheat getting a mean of 1.6 sclerotia per head of wheat compared with 3.9 sclerotia when they transferred honeydew from wheat to wheat. 

Resolution methods using nonopticaHy active agents are also used by taking advantage of the fact that certain benzoic acid derivatives of (A)-menthol can be inoculated with crystals of one enantiomer to induce immediate crystallization of that enantiomer. Although repeated crystallizations and separations must be done, the technique has been successhil for (—)-mentho1 (157). 

Batch processing A processing technique in which a bioreactor is supplied with substrate and essential nutrients, sterilized and inoculated with microorganisms, and the process is run to completion followed by removal of products. 

With attenuated viral vaccines the potential hazards are those associated with reversion of the virus during production to a degree of virulence capable of causing disease in vaccinees. To a large extent this possibility is controlled by very careful selection of a stable seed but, especially with live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine, it is usual to compare the neurovirulence of the vaccine with that of a vaccine known to be safe in field use. The technique involves the intraspinal inoculation of monkeys with a reference vaccine and with the test vaccine and a comparison ofthe neurological lesions and symptoms, if any, that are caused. If the vaccine causes abnormalities in excess of those caused by the reference it fails the test. 

Huff and puff technique (1) Huff Migration of cells and synthesis of metabolic products following inoculation and closing of injection well (2) Puff Production and recovery of oil after incubation period... 

A new approach to study root exudation of distinct compounds in soil-grown plants uses inoculation of roots with genetically engineered reporter bacteria, which are able to indicate the presence of particular compounds by indicator reactions, such as production of ice-nucleation proteins. This technique has been employed to detect the release of amino acids from roots of soil-grown A vena harbata (56). 

The plaque procedure also permits the isolation of pure virus strains, since if a plaque has arisen from one virus particle, all the virus particles in this plaque are probably genetically identical. Some of the particles from this plaque can be picked and inoculated into a fresh bacterial culture to establish a pure virus line. The development of the plaque assay technique was as important for the advance of virology as was Koch s development of solid media for bacteriology. 

The most widespread biological application of three-phase fluidization at a commercial scale is in wastewater treatment. Several large scale applications exist for fermentation processes, as well, and, recently, applications in cell culture have been developed. Each of these areas have particular features that make three-phase fluidization particularly well-suited for them Wastewater Treatment. As can be seen in Tables 14a to 14d, numerous examples of the application of three-phase fluidization to waste-water treatment exist. Laboratory studies in the 1970 s were followed by large scale commercial units in the early 1980 s, with aerobic applications preceding anaerobic systems (Heijnen et al., 1989). The technique is well accepted as a viable tool for wastewater treatment for municipal sewage, food process waste streams, and other industrial effluents. Though pure cultures known to degrade a particular waste component are occasionally used (Sreekrishnan et al., 1991 Austermann-Haun et al., 1994 Lazarova et al., 1994), most applications use a mixed culture enriched from a similar waste stream or treatment facility or no inoculation at all (Sanz and Fdez-Polanco, 1990). 

Psychotherapies for PTSD include anxiety management (e.g., stress-inoculation training, relaxation training, biofeedback, distraction techniques), CBT, group therapy, hypnosis, psychodynamic therapies, and psychoeducation. Psychotherapy may be used in patients with mild symptoms, those who prefer not to use medications, or in conjunction with drugs in those with severe symptoms to improve response. 

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