Initiators macroinitiators

Several macrointermediates to obtain this kind of copolymer were used via free radical, ionic, and/or free radical-ionic coupling polymerization. In this manner, macroinitiators, macromonomers, and macromono-meric initiators will be discussed in this chapter. 

Macroinitiators are macromolecules having peroxygen and/or azo groups that can thermally initiate a vinyl polymerization to obtain block copolymers in one step. They can be classified as macroperoxyinitiators (MPl), macroazoinitiators (MAI), and macroazo-peroxyiniti-ators. 

Vinyl polymerization initiated by macroinitiator yield AB, ABA, or (AB) types block copolymers. Macroinitiators such as macrobis peroxides, polyazoesters, and... 

Monomer A is polymerized initiated with a pair of radicals formed by thermolysis of an active site of macroinitiator. Since growing chain A propagates from the residual segment of the initiator, polymer A thus formed retains unreacted active sites in the chain end. 

Utilization of another function of the macroinitiator was tried in emulsion polymerization [30]. An MAI composed of PEG (molecular weight of a segment is 1000) linked with AGP units was confirmed to be usable as a surface active initiator (Inisurf) for preparing PSt-b-PEG [30]. A higher molecular weight block copolymer was obtained in comparison with the case of solution copolymerization. 

In the polymerization of St initiated with type II MAI composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), block efficiency was kept to 80% when feed concentration was above 3 mol/L, but it drastically decreased below 3 mol/ L (Fig. 2) [36,37]. AIBN, the typical low-molecular weight azo initiator, shows a drastic decrease in its initiation efficiency below a critical feed monomer concentration, i.e., 0.5 mol/L. In the case of MAI, it seems that a similar decrease in initiation efficiency occurs at much higher critical monomer concentration due to immobility of macroinitiating radicals. 

Aliphatic disulfides are not thought to be effective as initiators in this context. However, Endo et a . K have described the use of the cyclic 1,2-disulfides 11 and 12 as initiators in a controlled radical polymerization. Polymerization of S at 120 °C gave a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and the PS formed was used as a macroinitiator to form PS-6/oet-PMMA. The precise mechanism of the process has not been elucidated. 

The first use of sterically hindered hexasubstituted ethanes [e.g. 33] as initiators of polymerization was reported by Bledzki et al.77,78 The use of related initiators based on silylatcd pinacols [e.g. 34, 35] has been reported by Crivcllo et a/.,7l>82 jjan( os et ai i anOther initiators of this class include 36 fi X/ and 37.The rates of decomposition of hexasubstituted ethanes and the derived macroinitiators are known to vary according to the degree of steric... 

The proposed polymerization mechanism is shown in Scheme 9.12. Thermal decomposition of the hexasubstituted ethane derivative yields hindered tertiary radicals that can initiate polymerization or combine with propagating species (primary radical termination) to form an oligomeric macroinitiator. The addition of the diphenylalkyl radicals to monomer is slow (e.g. k[ for 34 is reported as KT M"1 s l at 80 °C84) and the polymerization is characterized by an inhibition period during which the initiator is consumed and an oligomeric macroinitiator is formed. The bond to the Cl I formed by addition to monomer is comparatively thermally stable. 

Otsu and Tazaki90 have reported on the use of triphenylmethylazobenzene (39) as an initiator. In this case, phenyl radical initiates polymerization and the triphenylmethyl radical reacts mainly by primary radical termination to form a macroinitiator. The early report91 that triphenylmethyl radical does not initiate MMA polymerization may only indicate a very low rate of polymerization. The addition of triphenylmethyl radical to MMA has been demonstrated in radical... 

Irichloromethyl-I unctional initiators, as ATRP macroinitiators 546 trichloromethyl radicals Hammett parameters... 

Polystyrene-Woc -polysulfone-/ /oc -polystyrene and poly(butyl acrylate)-Woc -polysulfone-/ /oc -poly(butyl acrylate) triblock copolymers were prepared using a macroinitiator.214 The hydroxyl-terminated polysulfone was allowed to react with 2-bromopropionyl bromide, an atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator, in the presence of pyridine. The modified macroinitiator could initiate die styrene polymerization under controlled conditions. 

The first step of NCA polymerization is usually accomplished by the use of nucleophilic initiators. These initiators can be alkoxides, alcohols, amines, transition metals, and even water [53,54]. In order to synthesize a copolymer diblock, the polymerization of the second block and its connection to the previously formed block are performed in a single process. This is achieved by initiating the polymerization of the second NCA monomer using the first homopolypeptide as a macroinitiator. Precipitation and purification processes follow to isolate the... 

The polymerization of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, DEAEMA, was studied under different conditions. It was shown that the best system providing narrow molecular weight distribution polymers involved the use of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride/CuCl/HMTETA as the initiator/catalyst/ligand at 60 °C in methanol [72]. Taking advantage of these results, well-defined PDEAEMA-fr-PfBuMA block copolymers were obtained. The synthesis was successful when either fBuMA or DEAEMA was polymerized first. Poor results with bimodal distributions were obtained when CuBr was used as the catalyst. This behavior was attributed to the poor blocking efficiency of PDEAEMA-Br and the incomplete functionalization of the macroinitiator. 

The transformation of the chain end active center from one type to another is usually achieved through the successful and efficient end-functionalization reaction of the polymer chain. This end-functionalized polymer can be considered as a macroinitiator capable of initiating the polymerization of another monomer by a different synthetic method. Using a semitelechelic macroinitiator an AB block copolymer is obtained, while with a telechelic macroinitiator an ABA triblock copolymer is provided. The key step of this methodology relies on the success of the transformation reaction. The functionalization process must be 100% efficient, since the presence of unfunctionalized chains leads to a mixture of the desired block copolymer and the unfunctionalized homopolymer. In such a case, control over the molecular characteristics cannot be obtained and an additional purification step is needed. 

Anionically prepared hydroxy-terminated PBd was reacted with AlEt3 to form the corresponding aluminum alkoxide macroinitiator, capable of initiating the polymerization of L-lactide [117]. Using ratios [PBd-OH]/[AlEt3] between 1 and 6, reaction temperatures between 70 and 120 °C and maintaining the conversion of the lactide polymerization below 90%, products with narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained. 

The oxocarbenium perchlorate C(CH20CH2CH2C0+C104 )4 was employed as a tetrafunctional initiator for the synthesis of PTHF 4-arm stars [146]. The living ends were subsequently reacted either with sodium bromoacetate or bromoisobutyryl chloride. The end-capping reaction was not efficient in the first case (lower than 45%). Therefore, the second procedure was the method of choice for the synthesis of the bromoisobutyryl star-shaped macroinitiators. In the presence of CuCl/bpy the ATRP of styrene was initiated in bulk, leading to the formation of (PTHF-fc-PS)4 star-block copolymers. Further addition of MMA provided the (PTHF-fr-PS-fc-PMMA)4 star-block terpolymers. Relatively narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained with this synthetic procedure. 

Miktoarm stars of the A(BC)2 type, where A is PS, B is poly(f-bulyl acrylate) (PtBA), and C is PMMA [161] have been synthesized, by using the trifunctional initiator 2-phenyl-2-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl)-l-piperidinyloxy] ethyl 2,2-bis[methyl(2-bromopropionato)] propionate (NMP, ATRP) (Scheme 86). In the first step, a PS macroinitiator with dual < -bromo functionality was obtained by NMP of styrene in bulk at 125 °C. This precursor was subsequently used as the macroinitiator for the ATRP of ferf-bulyl acry-... 

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