Initiator Sixty

The currently available instmmentation from Biotage is the Initiator reactor for small-scale reactions in a single-mode cavity (Fig. 3.20). This instmment is closely related to the former Creator, but is now equipped with a touch-screen for on-the-fly control or changes of parameters, and no external PC is needed. The enhanced version, the Initiator Sixty, in succession to the Optimizer EXP, is equipped with a... 

Once a substance is listed for TSCA 8(d) reporting, existing studies are required to be reported within sixty days. The ITC will review the submitted information to assess whether test data are sufficient or whether a recommendation for testing should be made. If a study is initiated within the sixty day period, notification to EPA of study initiation must be provided. Upon completion of such an initiated study, the study must be submitted to the Agency within thirty days, regardless of the expiration of the initial sixty day reporting period. ... 

After this initial discovery. Oersted waited three months, apparently for the construction of a more powerful current source. He then carried out sixty experiments to show that the magnetic field due to the current in a wire is circular around the wire. He showed that the effect is independent of the type of wire, and that it is independent of any intervening common materials. Later, he proved that the effect is proportional to the current in the wire. 

Addition of phosphonyl radicals onto alkenes or alkynes has been known since the sixties [14]. Nevertheless, because of the interest in organic synthesis and in the initiation of free radical polymerizations [15], the modes of generation of phosphonyl radicals [16] and their addition rate constants onto alkenes [9,12,17] has continued to be intensively studied over the last decade. Narasaka et al. [18] and Romakhin et al. [19] showed that phosphonyl radicals, generated either in the presence of manganese salts or anodically, add to alkenes with good yields. 

Phosphoranyl radicals were observed by FPR at the end of the sixties [91]. For a long time, phosphoranyl radicals, particularly the alicyclic ones [59], were considered as elusive species. However, recently. Marque et al. [92] observed the first strongly persistent (ti/2=45 min at RT) alicyclic phosphoranyl radicals (Fig. 10) when they irradiated bis(trialkylsilyl)peroxides in the presence of tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphites. The increased lifetime of the ensuing phosphoranyl radicals is a consequence of the presence of four bulky R3SiO groups around the phosphorus. The bulkiness of the substituents hampers the dimerization and the Sh2 reaction of phosphoranyl radicals with the peroxide initiator. Furthermore, the high strength of the P-0 and 0-Si bonds results in slow a- and p-scissions [93]. 

Direct dynamics trajectory calculations at the MP2/6-31-FG level of theory were then used to explore the reaction dynamics of this system [63]. Sixty-four trajectories were started from the central barrier shown at A in Fig. 11, with initial conditions sampled from a 300 K Boltzmann distribution. Of the 31 trajectories that moved in the direction of products, four trajectories followed the MEP and became trapped in the hydrogen-bonded [CH3OH ... 

The initial question was whether the active catalyst is copper metal, copper(I), or copper(II), because all metal precursors gave results. Without the proper control of the valence state and the ligand environment the selectivities for the copper catalysed cyclopropanations (or carbene insertion reactions) have remained low or inconsistent for a long period of time. It was only in the sixties that a more systematic study of these issues was started. Several divalent copper salts were successfully used, but Kochi and Salomon [1] showed with the use of Cu(I)OTf that most likely copper(I) was the actual species needed for this reaction. 

Desalting in Israel, initiated in the mid-sixties to solve the regional potable water shortage, would have to be enhanced in the future to supply an additional amout of 100-200 million cubic meters per year of desalted water required for the country s development. 

Fig. 1 Biotage Initiator EXP Sixty and its various reaction vessels...

In the late sixties, several research groups in the U.S. (6), Europe (7), and Japan (8) initiated studies of homogeneous catalytic asymmetric syntheses. Of these efforts, the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral olefins reported by Knowles, et al. (6,9) attracted most attention. The importance of this technology was shown by its application in the Monsanto L-DOPA process which had since become an industrial flagship in catalytic asymmetric syntheses (Figure 1). 

Typical coatings of chromium applied over nickel are about 0.3 pm thick and are under high stress—which gives rise to cracking. Cracks in the chromium are initiated by corrosion of the underlying nickel and (ultimately) of the substrate however, development in the sixties indicated that an increase in the extent of cracking would spread corrosion more widely over the surface of the nickel and so reduce the speed of penetration—a conclusion that led in turn to chromium solutions giving micro-cracked deposits and to overall enhanced resistance to corrosion. 

James Fernandez, writing about iboga in Furst s Flesh of the Gods, drew on accounts from some sixty users, most of whom spoke of the experience as a journey. As Bwiti initiates, they communed with ancestors, who mostly appeared white (a color identified by natives with the dead). A feeling of levitation is common rainbow-like halos are taken as a sign that one is beginning to approach the land of one s ancestors and gods. 

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