Initiation indirect

Current theories suggest that carbon dioxide potentiates the action of local anesthetics by initial indirect depression of the axon, followed by diffusion trapping of the active form of the local anesthetic within the nerve. Use of the carbonate salt appears to be one pharmaceutical modification of the classic local anesthetic agents that may result in significant clinical advantages. 

Hydrocarbon Yields. Despite encouraging results that the wood pyrolysis products are all destroyed on the catalyst and the high quality composition of the organic products, the initial indirect estimates of yield ( ) were approximately 11% hydrocarbon products or about a third of We theoretical yield based on oxygen rejection considerations (J ). Therefore, it was important to include an estimate of yield in the MBMS catalyst screening work based on improved calibration procedures. The initial results are reported here. 

While the present discussion on non-thermal chemical reactions induced by the direct specific action of sub-THz radiation is ongoing, it is well known that non-thermal reactions can also be initiated indirectly via plasmas generated by the same radiation. In fact, plasma-assisted chemistry is strongly related to the field of polymers, and its importance and major potential for industrial applications are described in the following subsections. 

Block and graft copolymerization can also be initiated indirectly by generating photochemically reactive species that attack the polymer so as to generate free radical sites on the latter that are capable of reacting with monomer molecules. A typical system is presented in Scheme 3.13. 

Fluoroalkjiations are frequentiy performed indirectly using tandem reactions. Arenes react with sodium borohydride in trifluoroacetic acid to afford otherwise difficult to obtain l,l,l-trifluoro-2,2-diarylethanes. Presumably sodium borohydride reacts initially with the trifluoroacetic acid to produce the trifluoroacetaldehyde or its equivalent, which rapidly undergoes Friedel-Crafts-type condensation to give an intermediate carbinol. The carbinol further alkylates ben2ene under the reaction conditions giving the observed product. The reaction with stericaHy crowded arenes such as mesitylene and durene... 

Composite resins can be cured using a variety of methods. Intraoral curing can be done by chemical means, where amine—peroxide initiators are blended in the material to start the free-radical reaction. Visible light in the blue (470—490 nm) spectmm is used to intraoraHy cure systems containing amine—quin one initiators (247). Ultraviolet systems were used in some early materials but are no longer available (248). Laboratory curing of indirect restorations can be done by the above methods as well as the additional appHcation of heat and pressure (249,250). 

Drum Dyers. Indirect-heat dmm dryers, like spray dryers, are usable only for materials that are fluid initially and pumpable. Drying is effected by applying a thin film of material onto the outer surface of a rotating heated dmm using appHcator roUs, spray nozzles, or by dipping the dmm into a reservoir. Usually the dmm is cast iron or steel and chrome-plated to provide a smooth surface for ease of product release by doctoring. Dmm rotational speed is such that... 

An example of a direct spectrophotometrical assay is the use of synthetic peptide -nitroanilide substrates to determine protease activity. The /)-nitroani1ine group Hberated from the substrates by the protease can be determined spectrophotometricaHy at 410 nm. An example of an indirect (coupled) spectrophotometric assay is the determination of a-amylase using -nitrophenyLmaltoheptaoside. Initially, the substrate is cleaved by the a-amylase and subsequentiy one of the reaction products, -nitrophenyLmaltotrioside, is cleaved by a-glucosidase, hberating -nitrophenyl, a chromophore... 

Other carbon electrophiles which are frequently employed include aldehydes, ketones, esters, nitriles and amides of the type RCONMei. An indirect method of acylation involves the initial reaction of a lithio compound with an aldehyde followed by oxidation of the resulting secondary alcohol to the corresponding acyl derivative. 

Expectation of any unusually high or low, direct or indirect initial costs... 

The worked out soi ption-photometric method of NIS determination calls preliminary sorption concentration of NIS microamounts from aqueous solutions on silica L5/40. The concentrate obtained is put in a solution with precise concentration of bromthymol-blue (BTB) anionic dye and BaCl, excess. As a result the ionic associate 1 1 is formed and is kept comparatively strongly on a surface. The BTB excess remains in an aqueous phase and it is easy to determinate it photometrically. The linear dependence of optical density of BTB solutions after soi ption on NIS concentration in an interval ITO - 2,5T0 M is observed. The indirect way of the given method is caused by the fact the calibration plot does not come from a zero point of coordinates, and NIS zero concentration corresponds to initial BTB concentration in a solution. 

Indirect attack can also occur because of turbulence associated with flow over and around a deposit. Increased turbulence may initiate attack (see Chap. 11, Erosion-Corrosion and Chap. 12, Cavitation Damage ). 

The promoter proximal elements are usually 100 to 200 base pairs long and relatively close to the site of initiation of transcription. Within each of these elements there are DNA sequences specifically recognized by several different transcription factors which either interact directly with the preinitiation complex or indirectly through other proteins. 

The third area in which top-level support is needed is assuring that the PSM initiative receives the resources required for success. It is only realistic to expect that PSM implementation will require a significant level of funding— either direct or indirect. 

Undertaking a PSM initiative will requite time, staffpower, and funding— direct and/or indirect. The task team s first priority will be to develop a detailed plan for the Core Management Group s review and approval, including specific schedules and cost estimates. 

Acylation of the vinylogous pyrrolidine amide of dimedone with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride led (possibly indirectly) to the carbon acylation product, whereas trichloroacetyl chloride gave rise to products derived from attack of chloride at the oxygenated double bond position in an initial 0-acylation product (401-404). 

In the overpotential deposition regime we observed that nanosized Al was deposited in the initial stages. Eurthermore, a transfer of Al from the scanning tip to the Al covered substrate was observed. We accidentally succeeded in an indirect tip-induced nanostructuring of Al on growing Al (Eigure 6.2-6). 

Both R8 and 804 directly or indirectly initiate polymerization. It was observed that the percentage of grafting of MA onto reduced wool was higher than in wool. This suggested that the additional —8H groups provide sites for grafts [45]. 

The evolution of. systems starting from random initial value states is generally difficult to follow vi.sually, particularly for Fs that induce many structural changes, and must therefore be studied indirectly. The simplest way is to chart the time-development by recording selected statistical measures. A more detailed accound is given in [ilachSS]. 

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