Inhalants overdose

The development pharmaceutics section should also include consideration of possible overdosing of the active ingredient that might arise from normal use of the dosage form—e.g., deposition of drug substance from a metered dose inhalation product in the mouth. 

Mechanism of Action An intratracheal respiratory inhalant that splits the linkage of mucoproteins, reducingtheviscosityof pulmonary secretions.Tiierapeutic Effect Facilitates the removal of pulmonary secretions by coughing, postural drainage, mechanical means. Protects against acetaminophen overdose-induced hepatotoxicity. Pharmacokinetics Protein binding 83% (injection). Rapidly and extensively metabolized in liver. Deacetylated by the liver to cysteine and subsequently metabolized. Excreted in urine. Half-life 5.6 hr (injection). 

Theophylline improves long-term control of asthma when taken as the sole maintenance treatment or when added to inhaled corticosteroids. It is inexpensive, and it can be taken orally. Its use, however, also requires occasional measurement of plasma levels it often causes unpleasant minor side effects (especially insomnia) and accidental or intentional overdose can result in severe toxicity or death. For oral therapy with the prompt-release formulation, the typical dose is 3-4 mg/kg of theophylline every 6 hours. Changes in dosage result in a new steady-state concentration of theophylline in 1-2 days, so the dosage may be increased at intervals of 2-3 days until therapeutic plasma concentrations are achieved (10-20 mg/L) or until adverse effects develop. 

Albuterol Selective B2 agonist Prompt, efficacious bronchodilation Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) drug of choice in acute asthmatic bronchospasm Aerosol inhalation duration several hours also available for nebulizer and parenteral use Toxicity. Tremor, tachycardia t overdose arrhythmias... 

Salmeterol Selective B2 agonist Slow onset, primarily preventive action potentiates corticosteroid effects Asthma prophylaxis Aerosol inhalation duration 12-24 h Toxicity Tremor, tachycardia, overdose arrhythmias... 

The exact mechanism of action of most volatile substances remains unknown. Altered function of ionotropic receptors and ion channels throughout the central nervous system has been demonstrated for a few. Nitrous oxide, for example, binds to NMDA receptors and fuel additives enhance GABAa receptor function. Most inhalants produce euphoria increased excitability of the VTA has been documented for toluene and may underlie its addiction risk. Other substances, such as amyl nitrite ("poppers"), primarily produce smooth muscle relaxation and enhance erection, but are not addictive. With chronic exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons (eg, benzene, toluene), toxic effects can be observed in many organs, including white matter lesions in the central nervous system. Management of overdose remains supportive. 

If salvinorin is inhaled as multiple inhalations of leaf smoke or vapor one could reasonably expect to pass out before he/she could take a lethal overdose. But significantly, nothing is known about the toxic effects of smoking truly massive single bolus doses of pure salvinorin, such a practice might be quite dangerous, and should certainly be avoided. 

At a normal respiration volume of approximately 15 to 20 liter per minute and assuming an average concentration during the execution of only 0.75% by volume, approximately 1.35 to 1.8 grams of HCN will be ingested in 10 minutes (150-200 liters of inhaled air), which corresponds to ten to twenty times the fatal dose. In the following calculations, we will assume a ten-fold overdose only, in order to kill all the people in the chamber, with certainty, in ten minutes. 

Overdose of menthol, particularly over long periods, can occur with overuse of mentholated cigarettes. Inhalation can result in ataxia, confusion, euphoria, nystagmus, and diplopia (7). 

Precautions I he medicinal propenies of many herbs are well-known make sure you don t give yourself an overdose when applying herbal sprays. Follow the same precautions as for other pesticides Wear a mask and protective clothing to avoid inhaling the spray or getting it on your skin. 

The target organ of ether is the CNS. Inhalation of high concentrations may cause CNS effects including headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, and coma. It is, however, rare to And death due to an inhalation exposure. Ingestion poisonings are of rapid onset, short duration and clinically similar to ethanol overdose. Diethyl ether is an irritant to the eye, skin, and mucous membranes. 

Acute overdose in humans has been associated with ulceration of the GI tract, acute renal failure, hepatotoxicity, and breathing difficulties. Nausea, emesis, and diarrhea are initial signs of overdose. Inhalation of diquat can lead to nosebleed. Exposure to dusts can cause skin irritation, cough, and chest pain. 

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