Ingots copper

Economic Aspects. Lithium metal is available commercially in ingots, special shapes, shot, and dispersions. Ingots are sold in 0.11-, 0.23-, 0.45-, and 0.91-kg sizes. Special shapes include foil, wire, and rod. Lithium is available in hermetically sealed copper cartridges and in sealed copper tubes for use in treating molten copper and copper-base alloys. Shot is sold in 1.19—4.76 mm (16—4 mesh) sizes. Lithium dispersions (30% in mineral oil) of 10—50-p.m particle size are used primarily in organic chemical reactions. Dispersions in other solvents and of other size fractions can be suppHed. 

Arc melting also can be used to consoHdate bars of metal that are pressed from powder or sponge and used as consumable electrodes in a low voltage, high current arc. The bar is suspended vertically and the molten metal falls from the bottom of the bar onto a water-cooled copper cmcible, from which it is removed as an ingot. 

The end product is either cast as anodes for electrolytic refining or, rarely, as ingots for sale as fire-refined copper. A horizontal casting wheel with 12—32 horizontal molds is normally used for anode casing. Using continuous casting machines, the copper is cast as a continuous strip to be cut to the required anode shape (28). 

Secondary Recovery. Metal returning from the store of metal in use is referred to as old scrap, in contrast with scrap generated within the copper fabrication process, which is called new scrap (see Recycling). In 1990 the amount of the U.S. copper supply derived from old scrap was 24% of the total copper consumed. About 40% of old scrap is used for producing refined copper most of the remainder is used in the production of brass and bronze ingots (see Copper alloys). About 75% of new scrap is consumed by brass mills, with most of the remainder used in the production of refined copper. Some estimates suggest that as much as 60% of the copper produced is ultimately recycled for reuse. Old scrap combined with new scrap from fabricating plants accounts for about 40% of the metallic input to domestic copper furnaces. 

The melt is heated by passing a large elecuical cunent between two electrodes, one of which is tire metal rod to be refined, and the otlrer is the liquid metal pool standing in a water-cooled copper hearth, which collects the metal drops as tlrey fall tluough the molten electrolyte. This pool tlrerefore freezes at the bottom, forming the ingot. Under optimum chcumstances tire product billet takes the form of a cylindrical solid separated from the molten salt by... 

Kupfer-asche, /. copper scale, -azetat, n. copper acetate, -azetylen, n. copper acetylide. -bad, n. copper bath, -barre, /. copper bar copper ingot, -belze, /. copper mordant, -blatt, n. copper foil, -blau, n. blue verditer, azurite. -blech, n. sheet copper, copper foil, -blel, n. copper-lead alloy, -bleiglanz, m. Min.) cuproplumbite. -bleivitriol, m. linarite. -blende, /. tennantite. -blute, / copper bloom (capillary cuprite), -braim, n. tils ore (earthy ferruginous cuprite),... 

Stangen-blei, n. bar lead, -eiaen, n. bar iron, rod iron, -gold, n, ingot gold, -kali, n. potash in sticks, stick potash, -kitt, m. stick cement, -kupfer, n, bar copper, rod copper, -lack, m. stick-lac. -schwefel, m. roll sulfur, stick sulfur, cane brimstone, -seife, /. bar soap, -silber, n, ingot silver, -spat, m, columnar barite, -stahl, m. bar steel rod steel, -stein, m. pycnite (columnar topaz), -tabak, m. roll tobacco, -wachs, n. stick wax, stick polish, -zinn, n, bar tin. 

A wide range of cast and wrought alloys is available. For detailed expositions of properties and uses the reader is referred to publications on many specialised aspects obtainable from the Copper Development Association offices in various countries. Relevant publications of the British Standards Institution include BS 1400, Copper Alloy Ingots and Castings and BS 2870-5, Copper and Copper Alloy Wrought Products. All standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials relating to copper and copper alloys are included in a volume published annually ... 

Copper Alloy Ingots and Copper and Copper Alloy Castings, BS 1400 (1973)... 

TABLE 46 Composition (%) of Copper Ingots from Wadi Arabah... 

Stos-Gale, Z.A., Maliotis, G., Gale, N.H. and Annetts, N. (1997). Lead isotope characteristics of the Cyprus copper ore deposits applied to provenance studies of copper oxhide ingots. Archaeometry 39 83-123. 

Gale, N. H. (1991). Copper oxide ingots their origin and their place in the Bronze Age metals trade in the Mediterranean. In Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, ed. Gale, N. H., Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 90, Astroms, Jonsered, pp. 197-239. 

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