Scaling copper

Although stoichiometric ethynylation of carbonyl compounds with metal acetyUdes was known as early as 1899 (9), Reppe s contribution was the development of catalytic ethynylation. Heavy metal acetyUdes, particularly cuprous acetyUde, were found to cataly2e the addition of acetylene to aldehydes. Although ethynylation of many aldehydes has been described (10), only formaldehyde has been catalyticaHy ethynylated on a commercial scale. Copper acetjlide is not effective as catalyst for ethynylation of ketones. For these, and for higher aldehydes, alkaline promoters have been used. 

FIGURE 16.12 In this industrial-scale copper refinery, the molten impure copper produced by smelting is poured into molds. Next, the copper will be purified by electrolysis. 

Guo, K., Pan, Q., Wang, L. and Fang, S., Nano-scale copper coated graphite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, J. Applied Electrochemistry (2002) 32 679-685. 

Thakurta DG, Schwendeman DW, Gutmann RJ, Shankar S, Jiang L, Gill WN. Three-dimensional wafer-scale copper chemical-mechanical planarization model. Thin Solid Films 2002 414(l) 78-90. 

Material Beakers, test tubes, plastic pipettes, measuring cylinders (100 ml), scales copper sulfate hydrate, 2-M hydrochloric acid, ammonia solution (25% solution, diluted 1 50). 

It is quite apparent that reduction of metal in aqueous solutions had to wait for the development of electrical energy on a commercial scale. Copper was almost a unique exception. Hydro metallurgy therefore followed the developments of Michael Faraday who in 1831 provided the besis that led to Ihe dynamo and to electrical machinety. Electrical energy was available on a large scale some 40 years later. The first electrolytic reduction plant was for copped and was constructed near Swansea in 1869. 

Large-scale copper EW applied the use of SX compatible foams, adopted cross flow ventilation and later ventilated cell hoods ... 

Thakurta, D.G., Schwendeman, D.W., Gutmann, R.J., et al., 2002. Three-dimensional wafer-scale copper chemical—mechanical planarization model. Thin Solid Films 414, 78—90. 

Fig. 5.15. (a) The simulated powder diffraction pattern of the succinic anhydride crystal, using the calculated structure factors or as obtained by using the Debye equation on a box containing 224 crystal unit cells (intensity multiplied by 1.8 for scaling). Copper radiation wavelength, (b) The experimental powder diffraction pattern of succinic anhydride. Copper radiation. (Courtesy of Dr Lucia Carlucci.)... 

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