Ingot production

Ingot casting, 23 266 Ingot production, titanium, 24 857 Inhalation. See also Dust inhalation hydrogen fluoride, 14 17-18 influence on toxicity, 25 211 of PVC dust, 25 676-677 of sodium tetrasulfide, 22 875 studies of, 25 227t of sulfuric acid, 23 794 of toluene, 25 179t of VDC, 25 692-694 Inhalation anesthetics, 11 867-868 Inhalation exposure... 

However, the cost for equipments and parts increases rapidly with the size. Therefore, without increasing the diameter for an economic ingot production, a continuous process should be considered seriously in the near future. In fact, among the available crystal growth techniques for PV applications,... 

Ingot production processes are available for thorium as alternatives to powder production, but difficulties arise owing to the high melting-point of the metal. 

The cells are fed semicontinuously and produce both magnesium and chlorine (see Alkali and chlorine products). The magnesium collects in a chamber at the front of the cell, and is periodically pumped into a cmcible car. The cmcible is conveyed to the cast house, where the molten metal is transferred to holding furnaces from which it is cast into ingots, or sent to alloying pots and then cast. The ingot molds are on continuous conveyors. 

The phases present in products can differ from those predicted from equilibrium diagrams. Nonequilibrium metastable phases form at solidification rates experienced in commercial ingots. Because of the low rate of diffusion of iron in alurninum, equilibrium conditions can only be established by long heat treatments and are very slowly approached at temperatures below about 550 °C. Small additions of other elements, particularly manganese, can also modify the phase relations. 

Most current world PV production comes from the classical ingot technologies. Nevertheless, sheet growth, thin films, and PV concentrators hold greater potential for sufficient cost reduction to stimulate large-scale appHcations. 

The tin content of ores, concentrates, ingot metal, and other products is determined by fire assay, fusion method, and volumetric wet analysis. 

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