Infrared detectors integration

The lead compounds PbS, PbSe, PbTe are narrow-gap semiconductors that have been widely investigated for infrared detectors, diode lasers, and thermo-photovoltaic energy converters. Their photoconductive effect has been utilized in photoelectric cells, e.g., PbS in photographic exposure meters. Integrated photonic devices have been fabricated by their heteroepitaxial growth on Si or III-V semiconductors. 

Dual-technology sensors consist of two different sensor technologies incorporated together into one sensor unit. For example, a dual technology sensor could consist of a passive infrared detector and a monostatic microwave sensor integrated into the same sensor unit. 

In US-A-4369458 the contact array of an infrared detector includes a substantially greater number of contacts than the contact array of a signal processor. At the flip-chip bonding operation it is not a prerequisite to precisely align the two integrated circuits in a one-to-one contact relationship. 

A problem with the monolithic arrays is that the techniques for building metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices in silicon cannot be transferred intact to narrow bandgap materials such as mercury cadmium telluride, mainly due to tunneling and avalanche breakdown occuring at very low voltages. A monolithic array, in which read-out electronics is integrated in the same mercury cadmium telluride chip as the infrared detectors, is therefore difficult to achieve. 

OSL could also be used for container verification. Luminescent phosphor additives, ionized by radiation, are mixed with paints or clear coats and are applied to the surface of a container (Miller et al. 2009). The OSL phosphors luminesce in proportion to the ionization radiation dose and the intensity of excitation light. The OSL coatings/additives will be invisible to the naked eye, but could be seen using an InGaAs infrared detector. The OSL additives would tag the container and reveal an attempt to tamper with the container and therefore increase the confidence that its integrity had not been compromised. 

Neumann, N., et al., 2008. Tunable infrared detector with integrated micromachined Fabry-Perot Alter. J. Micro/Nanolithogr MEMS MOEMS 7 (2), 021004. 

Wood et al. (1992) Integrated Uncooled Infrared Detector Imaging Arrays by R. A. Wood, C. J. Han, and P. W. Kruse, Proc. IEEE Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, Hilton Head Island, S. C. pp. 132-135. 

The t3q>ical approach taken for astronomical applications is that of a detector integrator source follower. This was used in the Space Lxfrared Telescope Facility (SIBTF) designs[l] as well as the designs used for the proposed Hubble Space Telescope infrared refurbishment instruments[2]. That same approsudi is also utilized here, with particular customizations for this specific application. The detector array utilizes a newly developed detector process enhancement which offers some significant advantages in performance. 

One cm3 of the reactant/product/catalyst mixture was sampled periodically during the reaction for the transmission infrared analysis (Nicolet Magna 550 Series II infrared spectrometer with a MCT detector). The concentrations of reactants and products were obtained by multiplying integrated absorbance of each species by its molar extinction coefficient. The molar extinction coefficient was determined from the slope of a calibration curve, a plot of the peak area versus the number of moles of the reagent in the IR cell. The reaction on each catalyst was repeated and the relative error for the carbamate yield measured by IR is within 5%. 

C02-IR detection systems for example contain a light source emitting infrared light ideally at wavelengths around 4.2 pm (often a simple light bulb), an absorption path (the so called cuvette), a spectral filter and a detector (thermopile). The filter is normally integrated into the detector housing. 

Miniaturized chemical analysis systems have been developed for most macroscopic counterparts (Dittrich et al. 2006). The availability of optical fibers, light sources, and detectors in the visible UV and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths makes it possible to integrate spectroscopic measurements in microreactors (Lobbecke et al. 2005). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is an efficient, broadly applicable... 

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