Information exchange models

The dynamic part deals with the changes that happen to the state as events occur. It shows how actions affect objects, using the objects and attributes defined in the model of the object state. Chapter 3, Behavior Models Object Types and Operations, is about describing these dynamic aspects of an object by specifying its operations in terms of effects on its attributes and information exchanged. 

The static model of an object s internal state and of information exchanged in the operation requests, using attributes, associations, and invariants... 

We dealt with the static model in Chapter 2 we next want to specify actions in a way that abstracts from the model s many possible implementations. An action is specified by its effect on the state of the object and any information exchanged in the course of that action. This state is described as a type model of the object and of its in/out parameters the effect is specified as a precondition/postcondition pair. Effects can either be written textually or depicted as transitions on a state chart. 

The chapter is organised as follows In the following section 2 we focus on the traditional sales concept and the consequences of information exchange. In section 3 we introduce possible objectives of Chemical Leasing business models and in comparison to the sales concept discuss differences in information management. In section 4 we turn our attention to the applicability of Chemical Leasing business models in practice. Section 5 closes with a summary and discussion of results. 

Figure 7 Solid-fluid-fracture model left - predictive fracture model based on Dugdale curve right - information exchange.

When the temperature at the outlet of the exchanger on the feed side is specified, the duty of the exchanger is defined and there is no recycle of information. The model thus solves very quickly, but it is necessary to check the results to see that the exchanger design makes sense. 

What is the simplest adsorption model that can adequately define sorption in the system of interest for purposes of our study The simpler the model, the less information is needed to parameterize it. The distribution coefficient model requires only entry of the mass of sorbent in contact with a volume of water and a value for K,. Pesticide adsorption can often be modeled adequately using a simple K ) approach (cf. Lyman et al. 1982). For smectite and ver-miculite clays and zeolites that have dominantly pH-independent surface charge, ion-exchange or power-exchange models may accurately reproduce adsorption of the alkaline earths and alkali metals. If the system of interest experiences a wide range of pH and solution concentrations, and adsorption is of multivalent species by metal oxyhydroxides, then an electrostatic model may be most appropriate. 

Although the information provided by the isotopic exchange model is unique and unavailable by other methods, this powerful technique has not yet been exploited for other mechanism studies. 

Information exchange processes in a communication infrastructure can be modeled as transactions that have to fulfill the ACID properties. If a transaction does not properly proceed and finish, the ACID properties provide a direct categorization of the related anomaly. Based on this categorization, appropriate and effective countermeasures can be applied. A direct violation of the atomicity property, for example, corresponds to a denial-of-service attack, as the transaction is not completed and therefore the requested service is not provided. A buffer overflow represents a violation of consistency, and a race condition a violation of isolation. Other attacks can be classified accordingly. The corresponding anomalies can be detected by comparing protocol and process runs with the given specifications, which are represented by extended finite state machines. 

The work process model also provides valuable information about the requirements for an integration of the software tools used by the actors. For example, it can be decided whether a dynamic coupling of two software tools would be necessary due to a continuous information exchange, or whether a simple file conversion would be sufficient. 

Two approaches are pursued in the project. The first one is to provide a detailed compilation of the best practices in product and process development as performed at Air Products. Preliminary discussions with Air Products have shown that an improved communication between different departments is desirable. In order to understand and improve information exchange between different departments, the interactions between different departments need to be captured explicitly in a concise model of the development process. Such a model, combined with contact information about the people involved in a particular project, allows to determine all actors and roles who are affected by a particular situation, thus streamlining the work process. 

To enable coherent storage and information exchange inside the domain [146] and to collaboration partners, an adequate data model for material properties and behavior was necessary. Therefore, a concrete refinement and extension of the CLiP data model (see Subsect. 2.2.3) towards an implementation model has been done for the support of design processes in thermoplastic polymer processing. 

---