Influence of setting

Stream. Lobster, tail-waving newts, and possibly fanning fish produce information currents that propel chemical signals toward recipients. In the lobster, the female sends a current with pheromone into the male s shelter. The male, in turn, draws water toward himself and fans it out into the surroundings, signaling his mating status (Atema, 1986). 

Water may be better than air for studying the dynamics of stimulus dispersal, because in this denser medium fluid dynamic processes are attenuated (Atema, 1988). As interindividual distances increase with increasing body size, pheromone communication becomes less and less practical in water, particularly because of signal delays, dilution, and cross-currents. 

The chemical properties of water determine what compounds will leach out of soil and vegetation, and hence what chemicals other plants and animals will be exposed to. For instance, acidic water will extract alkaloids from plant materials. 

Odor retention, release and propagation on water surfaces are important to many animals, but we know little of how animals exploit or actively manipulate these processes. 

Freshwater mammals such as heaver may leave odors on the surface of their ponds and olfactorily sample the water or layer of air immediately above it. Lipids on water may form micelles, small blobs of molecules (from Latin mica, a grain, crumb, morsel) that enhance evaporation into the air layer by increased chemical potential. Some seahirds hunt hy odor (e.g. Hutchison and Wenzel, 1980 Nevitt, 1999). They may respond to prey volatiles (from krill, squid, or fish) that rise to the water surface and evaporate into the air. The air-water equilibrium for dilute solutions can be expressed by using partition coefficients, relative volatility, or Henry s law (Thibodeaux, 1979). 

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Figure 8-19 Shear Stress-Rate-of-Shear Diagram of a Thixotropic Body. Source From J.M. deMan amd F.W. Wood, Hardness of Butter. II. Influence of Setting, J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 42, pp. 56-61, 1959.

Figure 8-21 Thixotropic Hardness Change in Butter. (A) Freshly worked butter left undisturbed for four weeks at 5°C. (B) The same butter stored at -20°C for three weeks then left at 5°C. (C) The same butter left at 5°C for three weeks, then frozen for three weeks and again placed at 5°C. Source From J.M. deMan and F.W. Wood, Hardness of Butter. II. Influence of Setting, J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 42, pp. 56-61, 1959.

Sugama, T., Carciello, N. R., and Gray, G. Alkali carbonation of calcium aluminate cements influence of set-retarding admixtures under hydrothermal conditions. J Materials Sci. 27,4909-4916, 1992. 

Pina, S., Olhero, S. M., Gheduzzi, S., Miles, A. Q., and Ferreira, J. M. F. 2009. Influence of setting Uquid composition and liquid-to-powder ratio on properties of a Mg-substituted calcium phosphate cement. Acta Biomaterialia 5 1233-40. 

Single reactions. For single reactions, a good initial setting is 95 percent conversion for irreversible reactions and 95 percent of the equilibrium conversion for reversible reactions. Figure 2.9 summarizes the influence of feed mole ratio, inert concentration, temperature, and pressure on equilibrium conversion. ... 

This paper deals with the control of weld depth penetration for cylinders in gold-nickel alloy and tantalum. After introducing the experimental set-up and the samples description, the study and the optimization of the testing are presented for single-sided measurements either in a pulse-echo configuration or when the pump and the probe laser beams are shifted (influence of a thermal phenomenon), and for different kind of laser impact (a line or a circular spot). First, the ultrasonic system is used to detect and to size a flat bottom hole in an aluminium plate. Indeed, when the width of the hole is reduced, its shape is nearly similar to the one of a slot. Then, the optimization is accomplished for... 

The key quantity in barrier crossing processes in tiiis respect is the barrier curvature Mg which sets the time window for possible influences of the dynamic solvent response. A sharp barrier entails short barrier passage times during which the memory of the solvent environment may be partially maintained. This non-Markov situation may be expressed by a generalized Langevin equation including a time-dependent friction kernel y(t) [ ]... 

A partial acknowledgment of the influence of higher discrete and continuum states, not included within the wavefunction expansion, is to add, to the tmncated set of basis states, functions of the fomi T p(r)<6p(r) where dip is not an eigenfiinction of the internal Flamiltonian but is chosen so as to represent some appropriate average of bound and continuum states. These pseudostates can provide fiill polarization distortion to die target by incident electrons and allows flux to be transferred from the the open channels included in the tmncated set. 

Flehre W J, Ditchfieid R and Popie J A 1972 Self-consistent molecular-orbital methods XII. Further extension of Gaussian-type basis sets for use in molecular orbital studies of organic molecules J. Chem. Phys. 56 2257-61 Flariharan P C and Popie J A 1973 The influence of polarization functions on molecular orbital hydrogenation energies Theoret. Chim. Acta. 28 213-22... 

The starting point for developing the model is the set of diffusion equations for a gas mixture in the presence of temperature, pressure and composition gradients, and under the influence of external forces." These take the following form... 

The chelated calcium cementing materials are suppHed as two-part paste products. In use, equal parts of the two pastes are thoroughly mixed together to give a fluid mass that can be appHed without pressure over an exposed tooth pulp or in a deep-seated cavity. Under the influence of the oral temperature and humidity, the fluid mass sets to a hard, strong, therapeutic protective seal. 

Check Weighing Because of drifting set weight and the influence of feder and state legislation on allowable deviation from... 

Data collected by modern analytical instalments are usually presented by the multidimensional arrays. To perform the detection/identification of the supposed component or to verify the authenticity of a product, it is necessary to estimate the similarity of the analyte to the reference. The similarity is commonly estimated with the use of the distance between the multidimensional arrays corresponding to the compared objects. To exclude within the limits of the possible the influence of the random errors and the nonreproductivity of the experimental conditions and to make the comparison of samples more robust, it is possible to handle the arrays with the use of the fuzzy set theory apparatus. 

The negative sequence voltage sets up a reverse rotating field and the slip of the rotor becomes 2 - 5 , compared to the positive sequence slip S. The motor will thus operate under the cumulative influence of these two slips, where power output P can be expressed by (see also Section 2.3). 

Holma, B. (1985). Influence of buffer capacity and pH-dependent rheological properties of respiratory mucus on health effects due to acidic pollution. Set. Total Environ. 41, 101-123. 

It is known from experience with vertical pneumatic transport that the influence of weight prevails at low velocities, but as the velocity increases friction gains importance. Therefore, in the calculation of the pressure loss one must find not only the weight of the solids, which could be set up theoretically, but also an empirical relationship for vertical transport from the measured data. A correlation of the pressure-loss coefficient for vertical pneumatic conveyance according to data measured by Flatow " has been developed by Weber, and the result is... 

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