Inflammation/inflammatory response cytokine-related promotion

Hapten-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, likely the major effector population, are directly cytotoxic to chemical exposed keratinocytes and also release cytokines that boost the inflammatory response. In addition, Thl cells release a number of cytokines and chemokines that promote inflammation and activate mast cells and, in the presence of IFNy, are also capable of killing keratinocytes. Although the hapten may persist in skin for some time, this reaction is self-limited. CD4+ regulatory T cells that secrete IL-10 (similar to those described in relation to UV-induced immune suppression in Section 32.4.3) appear to play an important role in this regulation. 

Substance P and the related tachykinins neurokinin A and neurokinin B are mainly found in neurons, particularly unmyelinated sensory somatic and visceral fibres, in enteric sensory neurons and in a number of pathways within the brain. The release of tachykinins from the peripheral ends of these neurons may play an important role in the neurogenic inflammatory responses to local injury and inflammation by promoting the release of histamine from mast cell degranulation, and the release of cytokines from invading white cells, as well as acting directly upon blood vessels to produce vasodilation and plasma extravasation. Neurogenic inflammation within... 

Epithelial cells are the first cells to encounter inhaled allergens and they interact closely with dendritic cells (DCs) by releasing thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is also produced by mast cells. TSLP is an interleukin (IL)-7 related cytokine. This cytokine can activate human immature DCs to promote the differentiation of naive of T cells into Thelper 2 (Th2) cells, defined by the production of Th2 cytokines like, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 [77]. All these cytokines have a specific role in the inflammatory process of asthma. I L-4 and I LI 3 are two cytokines which are related to the IgE production by B cells. IL-4 and IL-9 are responsible for mast cell growth. IL-5 is the key player in the eosinophilic inflammation [78-80]. 

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