Oxidative stress, infection

Perez-Casanova A, Noel RJ Jr, Rivera-Amill V, Husain K, Kumar A (2007) Morphine-mediated deterioration of oxidative stress leads to rapid disease progression in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23 1004-1007 Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE (2003) Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 74 691-701... 

Buffinton, G.D., Christen, S., Peterhans, E. and Stocker, R. (1992). Oxidative stress in lungs of mice infected with influenza A virus. Free Rad. Res. Commun. 16, 99-110. 

Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal-recessive disease, in which oxidative stress takes place at the airway surface [274]. This disease is characterized by chronic infection and inflammation. Enhanced free radical formation in cystic fibrosis has been shown as early as 1989 [275] and was confirmed in many following studies (see references in Ref. [274]). Contemporary studies also confirm the importance of oxidative stress in the development of cystic fibrosis. Ciabattoni et al. [276] demonstrated the enhanced in vivo lipid peroxidation and platelet activation in this disease. These authors found that urinary excretion of the products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation PGF2 and TXB2 was significantly higher in cystic fibrotic patients than in control subjects. It is of importance that vitamin E supplementation resulted in the reduction of the levels of these products of peroxidation. Exhaled ethane, a noninvasive marker of oxidative stress, has also been shown to increase in cystic fibrosis patients [277]. 

It is concentrated in parasitized erythrocytes, where it is activated by parasite haem, generating free radicals. Hence it causes increase in oxidant stress on the infected red cells promoting cytotoxicity and death of parasites. It rapidly clears parasitaemia, faster than any other antimalarial drug. 

Many skin disorders are associated with at least one of the characteristics of inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperproliferation, hypodifferentiation, infection, apoptosis, and autoimmune reactions. GTPs are uniquely positioned to antagonize these conditions with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, prodifferentiation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of autoantigen properties. Thus, many skin conditions, including autoimmune-induced lupus and psoriasis, wounds created by trauma or infections, damage induced by environmental factors such as UVB, and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff), could be treated or managed by topical application of GTPs. 

R11. Repetto, M., Reides, C., Gomez Carretero, M. L., Costa, M., Griemberg, G., and Llesuy, S., Oxidative stress in blood of HIV infected patients. Clin. Chim. Acta 255, 107-117 (1996). 

Unlike marasmic or well-nourished children, those with kwashiorkor have low transferrin levels and detectable free iron in the plasma (Sive et al., 1996). Uncomplexed iron is extremely toxic due to its ability to generate free radicals by the Haber-Weiss and Fenton reactions.The onslaught of opportunistic infections in the malnourished also elicits production of free radicals and accentuates the oxidative stress. 

Lante F, et al. 2007. Neurodevelopmental damage after prenatal infection Role of oxidative stress in the fetal brain. Free Radic Biol Med 42 1231-1245. 

Lipolal aldol condensation derivatives, (n), prepared by Haj-Yehia (4) were effective as reactive oxygen species scavengers and used in treating conditions associated with oxidative stress or free radical injury including mitochondrial cytopathies and HIV infection. 

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