Infection general approach

GENERAL APPROACH TO TREATMENT OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION ... 

There are two general approaches to cDNA expression, transient expression and stable expression. Transient expression systems are typically based on a viral vector the host cells are infected with cDNA-bearing virus and the cDNA-derived protein is produced. At some point a maximum level of cDNA-derived protein expression is obtained and the protein is harvested for use in incubations. Viral vectors often have cytopathic effects on the host cells which usually precludes analysis of xenobiotic-induced toxicity to the host cell. Stable expression systems can be based on integrating or episomal vectors. With both stable expression approaches, homogeneous, clonally derived populations of cells stably expressing the cDNA are identified and characterized. The properties, advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed below. 

A general approach to treatment of superficial mycotic infections includes keeping the infected area dry and clean and limiting exposure to the infected reservoir. Topical agents generally are considered to be first-line therapy for infections of the skin. Oral therapy is preferred when the infection is extensive or severe or when treating tinea capitis or onychomycosis." " Table 118-8 lists spe-... 

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a variety of skin infections which require therapeutic approaches different from those of streptococcal infections. Staphylococcal celluhtis is indistinguishable clinically from streptococcal cellulitis and responds to cloxacillin or flucloxacillin, but generally fails to respond to penicillin owing to penicillinase (/3-lactamase) production. Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of superficial, localized skin sepsis which varies ftom small pustules to boils and occasionally to a more deeply invasive, suppurative skin abscess known as a carbuncle. Antibiotics are generally not indicated for these conditions. Pustules and boils settle with antiseptic soaps or creams and often discharge spontaneously, whereas carbuncles frequently require surgical drainage. Staphylococcus aureus may also cause... 

Table 74—2 presents the recommended agents for treatment of community-acquired and complicated intraabdominal infections from the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Surgical Infection Society.21-23 These recommendations were formulated using an evidence-based approach. Most community-acquired infections are mild to moderate, whereas health care-associated infections tend to be more severe and difficult to treat. Table 74-3 presents guidelines for treatment and alternative regimens for specific situations. These are general guidelines there are many factors that cannot be incorporated into such a table. 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

A wide range of proteins have been produced at laboratory scale in recombinant insect cell culture systems. The approach generally entails the infection of cultured insect cells with an engineered baculovirus (viral family that naturally infect insects) carrying the gene coding for the desired protein placed under the influence of a powerful viral promoter. Amongst the systems most commonly employed are ... 

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