Industrial wastewater treatment costs

Projected Wastewater Treatment Costs in the Organic Chemical Industry, 12020 GND 07/71, July 1971. 

The discharge from both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants (for example, from activated sludge processes) has been a low-cost source of makeup for cooling systems for many years. Efforts to reuse water continue to gain momentum for environmental conservancy and economic reasons, but the fact that secondary use waters are, by definition, of a lower grade than other supply sources inevitably means an increased risk of deposition or fouling problems in the cooling system. 

To further complicate matters, the split of cost items into fixed and variable costs is not consistent across sites. For example, wastewater treatment costs are primarily fixed costs in cases where the company operates its own treatment plant. If communal facilities are used or the site is located at an industrial park, typically a larger proportion of the costs is linked to actual consumption and thus variable. Similarly, energy supply prices usually... 

Portable water supply and wastewater treatment costs, coupled with water availability concerns, are causing the industry to look at internal and end-of-pipe recycle options. These projects could not have been justified and/or the technology was not readily available 10 years ago. This situation is addressed further in the next section. 

In addition to wastewater effluent treatment regulations as a driving force for industrial wastewater treatment, other factors such as water and wastewater management costs, operation costs, and recovery and recycle of processing chemicals play critical roles in determining industrial wastewater reclamation needs and treatment processes. 

PHAs can be produced from waste materials. Waste materials or wastewater may be used to produce PHAs with a reduction in cost. The production of PHB from the waste-activated sludge generated by a combined dairy and food processing industry wastewater treatment plant has been evaluated. Deproteinized jowar grain-based distillery spentwash yielded 42.3 wt% PHB, followed by filtered rice grain-based distillery spentwash, which yielded 40wt%PHB. 

The necessity of effective industrial wastewater treatment must be considered an integral part of the manufacturing process, and the cost of treatment must be charged against the product. 

J3.2 Tubular The tubular configuration is an extension of the hollow fiber, but with larger diameter (up to 25 mm) tubes (Fig. 6.6). The flow is inside-out similar to hoUow-fiber membranes. The advantage of tubular membrane is that feed water with a high level of suspended sohds can be processed and the system is easy to clean mechanically. However, mbular membranes are more costly than hollow-fiber membrane modules. The tubular configuration is widely used in the food and beverage industries and for industrial wastewater treatment. 

Much of the experience and data from wastewater treatment has been gained from municipal treatment plants. Industrial liquid wastes are similar to wastewater but differ in significant ways. Thus, typical design parameters and standards developed for municipal wastewater operations must not be blindly utilized for industrial wastewater. It is best to run laboratory and small pilot tests with the specific industrial wastewater as part of the design process. It is most important to understand the temporal variations in industrial wastewater strength, flow, and waste components and their effect on the performance of various treatment processes. Industry personnel in an effort to reduce cost often neglect laboratory and pilot studies and depend on waste characteristics from similar plants. This strategy often results in failure, delay, and increased costs. Careful studies on the actual waste at a plant site cannot be overemphasized. 

Many of the waste streams from U.S. process industries are water containing small quantities of metal ions that the law requires be removed before the wastewater is disposed of There is an economic incentive to recoup at least some of the cost of wastewater treatment by recovering and selling the metal content instead of merely disposing of the metals as sludge. Because the waste streams are dilute in desired materials, research is needed to devise efficient extraction and separation processes. 

Costs for Treatment of Porcelain Enameling Industrial Wastewaters. 330... 

COSTS FOR TREATMENT OF PORCELAIN ENAMELING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS... 

El-Gohary, F.A., Nasr, F.A., and Aly, H.I., Cost effective pre-treatment of food processing industrial wastewater, Water Science and Technology, 40 (7), 17-24, 1999. 

---