Industrial sectors, materials integration

The chemical industry has a long history of product and process innovation and has provided enormous benefits to society. Since the late 19th century the industry has continually developed new products and processes, improved its functionality and cost-effectiveness, and displaced many traditional materials. Its products are now integrated into many economic sectors and it has a history of collaborating with its customers to develop innovative solutions. As a result there has been a dramatic increase in the use of chemicals and plastics, and these have provided tremendous cost savings as well as improved functionality (Sherman, Chapter 4, Section 4.6 of this volume). Safer and more efficient automobiles, and large-scale... 

The Shore A scale, or as it is sometimes called, durometer hardness, enjoys considerable success in North America and in particular is widely accepted by the automotive industry the scale is an integral part of the classification system for elastomeric materials used in automotive applications (ASTM D2000). Shore hardness has also become the industry standard for the rapidly growing thermoplastic rubber sector, where advantage can be taken of the complementary Shore D scale for harder grades and for rubber-modified plastics. Seven Shore scales are described in ASTM D2240, while Shore A and D hardness are also detailed in the international standard for pocket hardness meters. ISO 7619 (BS903. Part A57). The latter also specifies a pocket meter based on the IRHD scale. 

Section 13.3 outiines the principles of modeling packaging and food, using two simple but effective examples. They illustrate the concepts of critical steps, or materials or substances critical for food safety via a quantitative failure mode, effects and criticahty analysis (FMECA) approach, derived from concepts used by the aviation or electronic industry for critical systems. It is a systematic approach which today facilitates the risk management at the sector scale, of several thousand references or complex assemblies integrating various materials and dozens of substances [NGU13] via an expert distributable and modifiable system FMECAengine [VIT 11b]. 

On the other side, the textile industry takes a considerable leap in the field of the strong added-value textiles, mainly in the high-performance textile and fibre sectors. The use of new materials, development of new structures, as well as the development of new integration processes make it possible to develop supports able to convey information, while being based most of the time on properties of electric conduction. These new achievements of the textile industry enable direct electronic device integration into the textile structure, therefore modifying the functionality of the apparel. Besides the main apparel functions, which are protection and passive communication, the clothes become a second skin or the interface with specific functions between the individual and his environment. 

---