Industrial applications, high pressure liquid chromatography

Some particular processes can require very high pressures for special applications (i.e. in explosive welding and plating), but pressures between 100 and 1000 bar can be found easily in different industrial processes. Typical examples are the synthesis of ammonia, the synthesis of methanol and the production of low-density polyethylene, but also analytical techniques as high-pressure liquid chromatography. Other important implications are for the storage and transportation of fluids and enhanced oil recovery. 

A supercritical fluid is a substance that comes into existence after the so-called critical point has been exceeded, that is, when it simultaneously exhibits the properties of a gas and a liquid, but is actually neither the one nor the other. In 1962, Klesper, Corwin, and Turner were the first researchers to use supercritical fluids for analytical purposes. A supercritical fluid was used in high-pressure fluid chromatography, where it was part of the mobile phase. Extraction with a supercritical fluid was first achieved in 1978, since when the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique has been undergoing active development, finding many applications in laboratory analysis and industry.212... 

A variety of MS formats are widely accepted and applied in the pharmaceutical industry. The specific MS application is often defined by the sample introduction technique. The pharmaceutical applications highlighted in this article feature two types of sample introduction techniques dynamic and static. Dynamic sample introduction involves the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on-line with MS. The resulting liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) format provides unique and enabling capabilities for pharmaceutical analysis. The electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) modes are the most widely used. Static sample introduction techniques primarily use matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). ... 

---