Inductive element

If one was to build the inductive elements instead of buying off-the-shelf parts from a manufacturer, the following guidelines are common industry practices. 

Fig. 10. Modifying the resonances in an electrode system can be useful when two cell types have only small differences in passive electrical properties and in dielectrophoretic force spectra. The best frequency to achieve a separation lies near the crossover frequencies when one cell is showing positive DEP and the other negative. But at such a frequency the forces are small. By suitable adjustment of capacitive and inductive elements at each electrode, it is possible to make a system resonate at the desired frequency, thereby increasing the drive voltage (and force) many fold without the need for expensive high voltage signal generators. The real dielectrophoretic force spectra (a) can be transformed into effective spectra (b)...

According to expression (4.2), the response of an inductive element is given by... 

Figure 8.3 Installation for polyester polyols synthesis. 1) polyesterification reactor 2) separation column 3) induction elements for heating 4) condenser 5) vessel for condensed water 6) vacuum pump 7) filter...

Figure 1.5 Schematic example of a simplified equivalent circuit fora mixed conducting ceramic membrane or sample under investigation of its electrical properties. L is a parasitic inductive element arising from various sources (sample, wires, instrumentation).

Magnetic read/write elements have evolved from wire-wound ferrite inductive heads to microfabricated thin-film structures. Today, separate read and write elements are used, with a thin-fihn inductive element for writing and magnetoresistive element for reading. The quest for ever-increasing read head sensi-... 

Here, the capacitive and inductive elements, using fractional order p G (0, 1), enable formation of the fractional differential equation, that is, more flexible or general model of liquid-liquid interfaces behavior. Now, using again, for example, RL definition of fractional derivative and integral... 

The loop-gap resonator was introduced into EPR spectroscopy by Eroncisz and Hyde [53], who used an arrangement shown in Fig. 17. Its design and applications have been reviewed [54]. The loop behaves as an inductive element, whilst the gaps act as capacitative elements. It has been found [53] that increasing the number of gaps permits EPR spectroscopy to be undertaken on larger samples and at... 

Transformers can be a major source of distortion in electronic circuits. This distortion arises from two major sources. First, the transformer consists of inductive elements whose impedance is frequency dependent Transformers, therefore, display harmonic distortion. Second, the magnetization curve of ferromagnetic material (Fig. 2.31) is very nonlinear. This introduces distortion into signals coupled by iron or ferrite core transformers unless the signal level is kept very small. 

The waveguide discontinuities shown in Fig. 4.23(a) to Fig. 4.23(f) illustrate most clearly the use of E and H field disturbances to realize capacitive and inductive components. An E-plane discontinuity (Fig. 4.23(a)) can be modeled approximately by a frequency-dependent capacitor. H-plane discontinuities (Fig. 4.23(b) and Fig. 4.23(c)) resemble inductors as does the circular his of Fig. 4.23(d). The resonant waveguide iris of Fig. 4.23(e) disturbs both the E and H fields and can be modeled by a parallel LC resonant circuit near the frequency of resonance. Posts in waveguide are used both as reactive elements (Fig. 4.23(f)) and to mount active devices (Fig. 4.23(g)). The equivalent chcuits of microstrip discontinuities (Fig. 4.23(k) to Fig. 4.23(o)) are again modeled by capacitive elements if the E field is interrupted and by inductive elements if the H field (or current) is interrupted. The stub shown in Fig. 4.23(j) presents a short chcuit to the through transmission line when the length of the stub is A. /4. When the stubs are electrically short (shunt capacitances in the through transmission Hne. 

Antennas generally include a means of tuning out reactances after the antenna has been installed through the adjustment of variable capacitive or inductive elements at the feed point. 

For data interpretation an equivalent circuit model (see Figure 6.20) can be used consisting of resistive, capacitive, and inductive elements associated with several sources of polarization. In order to simplify the model, often elements associated with the anode are omitted as polarization resistance of the anode is much smaller compared to the cathode (Yan, 2007 Rubio, 2008 Asghari, 2010). 

Shown in Figures 15(a) and (b) are the equivalent circuits that model the reactions in the cathode and anode, respectively. In particular, the equivalent circuit for the lithium anode included the inductive element parallel to three serial R-CPE elements, which proved to fit the impedance spectra containing an intermediate-frequency inductive loop (although no physical meaning can be attached to this at present [31, 38, 39]). The equivalent circuit for the fiill cell can be constructed fi om the combination of the circuits for the cathode and anode (Figure 15(c)). 

Fig. B1 Schematic representation of a hot-wire electrochemical instrument based on a microcontroller interface hoard (center, shaded) combined with PC as controlling computer (left), potentiostat, RF generator and transformer units (right). The heating current (AC, 100 kHz) is delivered to the electrode wire via an RF transformer. Connection between heated electrode and working electrode input of the potentiostat (WORK) is made by a bridge arrangement consisting of two inductive elements...

No doubt, Bohr s theory stimulated the eventual true discovery of element 72, but in view of all the factors described above it can still be doubted whether this development represents a successful, ab initio chemical prediction on the basis of quantum theory. Had Bohr s theory really made a prediction which had gone against the chemists of the day, and which had turned out to be correct, then the claim would be stronger. This was not the case however. It might be more accurate to say that the view held by some chemists that hafnium would not be a rare earth was rationalized or accommodated by Bohr s quantum theory of periodicity which possessed a somewhat ad hoc nature. Alternatively, if the term prediction is to be construed in a weaker sense than meaning an ab initio prediction, it might be true to say that Bohr s theory including all its inductive elements did predict the nature of hafnium whereas quantum theory itself did not. 

A systematic error analysis demonstrates that, in spite of differences between sequential impedance scans and sometimes the appearance of inductive and incomplete capacitive loops, the individual data sets represented a pseu-dostationary system and could be interpreted in terms of a stationary model [37]. An example of such a system can be impedance analysis of corrosion, which usually includes both capacitive and inductive elements. The residual errors impedance measurement can be expressed in terms of the... 

To interpret the results of these measurements in terms of the model (Figure 2), each component of the model was represented as a complex impedance consisting of a resistor and a capacitor in parallel as shown in Figure 7. Inductive elements are thought to be small and are therefore not included in the model. 

In another study of DMFC anodes, shovm in Figure 16.10, the complex-plane impedance plots were studied as a function of the current density applied. The diameters of the semicircles were found to decrease with increasing current density, as expected, but the new feature observed is an inductive branch of the curves. This can be modeled, of course, by adding an inductive element to the equivalent circuit representation, in series with the Faradaic resistance, but the physical origin of this added circuit element is still open for debate. There is a tendency to associate it with sluggish adsorption of CO, formed as an intermediate in the oxidation of methanol. However, unlike the adsorption pseudocapacitance, which is well understood (cf Section 11.2), there is no theory for the dependence of the pseudoinductance on potential, coverage or any other measured parameter. 

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