Induction in Yeast

Mortimer, R.K. and Manney, T.R. (1971) Mutation induction in yeast, in Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for their Detection, Vol. 1 (ed. A. Hollaender), Plenum Press, New York. 

Figure 3 Three ways that ROS generated hy the mitochondrial respiratory chain may be involved in hypoxic gene induction in yeast. In the first, ROS oxidize a mitochondrial protein, which initiates a signaling pathway to the nucleus. In the second, free ROS are released from mitochondria and initiate a signaling pathway to the nucleus. In the third, ROS modify mitochondrial gene expression via oxidative damage to MtDNA, which initiates a signaling pathway to the nucleus.

Nitro PAHs have been shown to exhibit a large variety of biological activities. Included in these are the induction of mutations in bacterial (Table I) and eukaryotic cells (9,17,54-57), the neoplastic transformation of cultured mammalian cells (58-59), and the induction of DNA strand breaks (60), DNA repair (61-62), sister chromatid exchanges (63-64), and chromosomal aberrations (65-66). Nitro PAHs have also been demonstrated to bind cellular DNA in bacteria (67-73) and mammalian cells (74-77), to inhibit preferentially the growth of repair-deficient bacteria (78), to have recombinogenic activity in yeast (66,79-80) and to induce tumors in experimental animals (Table II). 

Mortelmans et al. 1986 NTP 1991). Negative results were also obtained in mammalian cells, except for one observation of polyploidy in Chinese hamster CHL cells (Ishidate et al. 1984 NTP 1991 Perocco et al. 1983). Only a single report was located on the genotoxicity of 77-hexane metabolites induction of chromosome loss was observed in yeast with 2,5-hexanedione (Mayer and Goin 1994). It is also unclear if incubation with liver microsomes (S9 fraction) in in vitro genotoxicity tests results in similar metabolites to those observed in humans in vivo. 

Mayer VW, Goin CJ. 1994. Induction of chromosome loss in yeast by combined treatment with neurotoxic hexacarbons and monoketones. Mutat Res 341 83-91. 

Figure 8.7 Induction of significant activity in yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay by an extract of an SPMD sample from Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Reprinted from Rastall et al. (2004a), copyright (2004) reproduced with permission from Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

The structure of mannose-rich polysaccharide core in GL4 is close to that of yeast mannan (from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which was inactive for IL-6 induction in a human peripheral whole-blood cells test system. This fact suggests that not the mannose moieties but other components, such as the lipophilic moiety and/or phosphates, are important for the activity. The lipophilic products in HF-hydrolysate of GL4 were then analyzed. In addition to peaks corresponding to the known fatty acids (C16 0, C18 1), two other unknown ion peaks at m/z 330 and 356 were found by FAB-MS (data not shown). 

The long-known stimulating effect of mono- and polynitro com-pounds on the onset of fermentation in yeast maceration juice has been reinvestigated by Vandendriessche. The induction time is shortened significantly by 2,4- or 2,5-dinitrophenol, while 2,6-dinitro-phenol did not show such an effect. The influence is evident when using as substrates the fermentable hexoses and D-fructose-6-phosphate, but not hexose diphosphate. According to MarkoviCev a stimulation of the oxidation processes can be proved thereby. It is probable that these effects are related to the known phytochemical reduction of nitro compounds (see pp. 98 and 99). 

Figure 4 (a) Lethal effect and (b) induction of genetic changes in yeast cells irradiated with x-rays tuned to resonance absorption peak [2.153 keV (triangle)] and both sides of the peak [2.147 eV (square) and 2.160 keV (circle)]. (From Ref. 18.)... 

Goodwin, D.E. Pany, J.M. (1982) Effects of BC, 4CMB and 4HMB upon the induction of mitotic gene conversion and mutation in yeast. Mutat. Res., 100, 153-156... 

Tippins, R.S. (1982) The induction of DNA damage and its repair in yeast after exposure to... 

Thacker, J. Parker, WF. (1976) The induction of mutation in yeast by hydrogen peroxide. Mutat. Res., 38, 43-52... 

Pentachloroethane is not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. In the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system, there was weak induction of mutation and gene conversion in yeast. In Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells, there was induction of sister chromatid exchanges, but not of chromosomal aberrations. In Chinese hamster lung CHL cells, chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy were induced. Mutations were induced at the tk locus of mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. 

Cu induction of MT genes occurs efficiently in Drosophila and may be a direct effect. Drosophila melanogaster contains two distinct metallothio-neins, designated Mto and Mtn (Mokdad et al., 1987). The Mto gene is more efficiently induced by Cd salts than by Cu salts, whereas Mtn is more efficiently induced by Cu salts (Silar et al., 1990). The mechanism of Cu induction of Mtn remains unresolved, so a significant unresolved question is whether Cu induction of MT biosynthesis occurs through a direct transcriptional process as in yeast. 

Ro DK, Ouellet M, Paradise EM, Burd H, Eng D, Paddon CJ, Newman JD, Keasling JD (2008) Induction of Multiple Pleiotropic Drag Resistance Genes in Yeast Engineered to Produce an Increased Level of Anti-Malarial Drag Precursor, Artemisinic Acid. BMC Biotechnol 8 83... 

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