Induction, dynamic static

Another class of devices used to control the voltage is operated using powered electronic switches to continuously adjust the capacitance and/or inductance in a substation to keep the voltage at precisely the voltage desired. These devices are relatively new in deployment, having been developed with the advent of inexpensive and robust power semiconductor components. These devices are part of a group broadly known as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices and include static var compensators, static synchronous compensators, and dynamic voltage restorers. 

Particle diameter Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy X-ray absorption near edge (XANES) spectroscopy Static and dynamic laser light scattering Scanning probe technologies... 

The difference in electron influence of five-membered heterocycles which contain 0, S, or Se atoms is explained by the fact that the influence is a sum of the positive conjugation and negative induction thus it operates differently in the static (ground-state mesomeric) or dynamic state. In general, the influence depends on the systems in which it is observed and may be masked by space factors or field effects. 

It is possible to express the second-order induction energy in terms of the multipole moments of any small molecules involved and their static polarizability tensors " - but further simplification is difficult for a pair of polyatomic subunits. A similar analysis permits the dispersion to be placed within the context of dynamic polarizabilities. In the case of a pair... 

Sun et al. (1986) have observed that various types of clay exhibit the same influence on the vicinal water. They concluded that a substrate independence exists. Packer (1977) also noted the substrate independence of water-structuring effects. He quotes Woessner s NMR studies showing that the ratio of the deuteron-to-proton splittings for water, oriented by proximity to a clay surface (3.75), appears independent of the type of clay and that the same ratio is found for water in oriented collagen, Li-DNA, and rayon. Thus, Packer suggests that it is merely the presence of a static surface and not its nature that matters in producing dynamic orientation of that water, and that the predominant effect is water-water interaction. The importance of the paradoxical effect lies in the prediction that vicinal water occurs at all solid interfaces and must, therefore, also occur in cellular systems—the cellular interior offers vast structural areas for the induction of vicinal water. 

This particular property allows an application of the cyclodextrins as chiral material for chromatographic racemate resolution or as substrates for the asymmetric induction leading to bond closure or bond cleavage (enzyme modelling). Apart from the topological (static) conditions, the dynamic processes of complex formation and complex dissociation here also play a part in the host/guest interactions and are therefore important for the efficiency of the separation effect. 

Large, colorless aggregates were observed by static and dynamic light-scattering measurements during the induction period of an oxidative polymerization of aniline with APS in dilute acidic aqueous solutions [177]. These aggregates are believed to be dianUinium peroxydisulfate ion clusters whose shape (rod-like) plays an important role in the initial formation of PANI-NFs. The formation of the interconnected, branched nanofiber networks by dilute polymerization was explained as follows [171]. Competition between a... 

There are a wide spectrum of AC-machine models ranging from the previously presented full-order, over reduced order, down to static or zero-order models, each of them being used according to the system analysis aims. The order reduction is largely based on heuristical or engineering considerations of experimental data as related to the full-order models, see [26], for instance. In the sequel only two of such models will be presented for the induction motor with short-circuited rotor. The first is a nonlinear static one, and the second is the former augmented with a first-order dynamics. For more details on the subject of this section, see [9, chapters 3 and 10]. 

The most common methods coupled with the three mentioned tests are those also used for evaluating thermal and thermo-oxidative stability, namely measurement of the oxidation induction period by the oxygen uptake test, manometry, DTA, DSC, TG, EGA and EGD in isothermal and nonisothermal (dynamic) conditions oven aging in static or circulating air at 50-150°C, chromatography UV, IR, ESR, NMR spectroscopy, chemiluminescence, viscosimetry, mechanical indices determination, etc. Other criteria refer to discoloration, embrittlement, cracking, loss of elongation, etc. Hydroperoxides concentration can... 

Inspired by the helical structures of naturally occurring DNA, RNA, and polypeptides, the creation and application of helical chiral polymers have received extensive attention, recently evolving into a hot research topic but still challenging field [67]. Generally, helical chiral polymers, including the static helical polymers and the dynamic and responsive helical polymers, can be prepared via polymerization of chiral monomers, or with a chiral initiator or chiral catalyst in which either a left- or right-handed helical sense is prevalent. It is to be noted that helical chiral polymers as a novel class of recyclable ligands enable asymmetric induction for catalysis [68]. 

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