Indocyanines

ANALGESICS,ANTIPYRETICS,AND ANTIINFLAL TATORYAGENTS] (Vol2) Indocyanine Green [3599-32-4]... 

The cyanine class of dyes is also useful in biological, medical, laser, and electro-optic appHcations. Dyes marketed as Povan [3546-41-6] (5) and Dithiazanine [7187-55-5] (6) are useful anthelmintics, and Indocyanine Green [3599-32-4] (7) is an infrared-absorbing tracer for blood-dilution medical diagnoses. "Stains-AU." is a weU-studied biological stain (8) and Merocyanine 540 s photochemotherapeutic activity is known in some detail (9). Many commercially available red and infrared laser dyes are cyanines (10). 

Powerful solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (common laser dye solvent) and solubilizing substituents (K" and R " = sulfoalkyl in stmcture 32) may enhance the transport of dyes in solution through skin and other membranes. Reference 88 (on laser dye solutions and toxicity) is recommended to researchers working with dye solutions. Other dyes, such as Indocyanine Green, attain useful properties (blood tracer dye) as a result of having solubilizing substituents in their stmcture. 

Song B, Zhang Q, Ma WH, Peng XJ, Fu XM, Wang BS (2009) The synthesis and photostability of novel squarylium indocyanine dyes. Dyes Pigm 82 396-400... 

Early studies focused on the behavior of molecular rotors in vesicles [128] and lipid bilayers [18, 26]. Humphrey-Baker et al. [128] found that an indocyanine dye associates with micellar systems in aqueous suspension. The dye migrates into the micelles and shows an increased quantum yield and a bathochromic shift of emission. Although Humphrey-Baker et al. identify modulation of the quantum... 

Huang L, Vore M. Multi drug resistance p-glycoprotein 2 is essential for the biliary excretion of indocyanine green. Dmg Metab Dispos 2001 29(5) 634-637. 

Figure 8. Optical spectroscopy of a indocyanine green dye solution (10 5 M in water) (a) fluorescence spectrum obtained by excitation around 780 nm (b) excitation spectrum obtained on top of a microresonator the rectangle in the inset shows the area from which the fluorescence signal is collected.

Kimura and coworkers have also developed hybrid-type polymersomes composed of polysarcosine-b-PLA ( lactosomes ) [242-243]. The lactosomes are fully biodegradable due to the equipped metabolic pathway for sarcosine and lactic acid. Hence, the lactosome is preferred for in vivo applications rather than for in vitro studies. Indeed, they have demonstrated a potential utility of lactosomes as a contrast agent for in vivo liver tumor imaging [243]. Lactosomes labeled with indocyanine green showed high escape ability from RES, were found to be stable in... 

Organic dyes like fluorescein and TRITC and the majority of NIR fluorophores suffer from poor photostability [77]. In addition, many NIR dyes, such as clinically approved indocyanine green (ICG) reveal poor thermal stability in aqueous solution [78]. Moreover, the presence of ozone can result in dye decomposition as observed for Cy5 [79]. In the last years, many organic dyes like the Alexa dyes have been... 

Malicka J, Gryczynski I, Geddes CD, Lakowicz JR (2003) Metal-enhanced emission from indocyanine green a new approach to in vivo imaging. J Biomed Opt 8 472-478... 

Some biomolecules can induce spectral changes on NIR dyes. The fluorescence intensity of indocyanine green (ICG) increases in intensity when bound to proteins. 35 An increase in the fluorescence intensity signal of a cyanine dye was reported by... 

A prominent representative example of a near-infrared absorbing cyanine dye is Indocyanine Green (ICG). This compound was first synthesized in the fifties [35] and was clinically approved as a diagnostic drug for the assessment of hepatic function and cardiac output, for which ICG exhibits favourable phar-... 

In addition to hepatic blood flow and function, ICG plasma clearance is also a useful prognostic factor for selecting patients for hepatectomy [1311. A majority of model systems developed for continuous hepatic function monitoring rely on the clearance profile of indocyanine green (ICG), which is the primary focus of this section. 

Indocyanine Green A Liver-Specific Photodiagnostic Clearance Agent... 

ED Moody, PJ Viskari, CL Colyer. Noncovalent labeling of human serum albumin with indocyanine green a study by capillary electrophoresis with diode laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B 729 55-64, 1999. 

The indocyanines and analogues, especially Indocyanine Green, absorbing and... 

Yamada et al. suggested that benzoate-metabolizing capacity, especially as indicated by the mean transit time value of the serum benzoate, appears to be a better index than the indocyanine green clearance rate for determining hepatic functional reserve in chronic lever disease [40],... 

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