Strong modulation

Simple metals like alkalis, or ones with only s and p valence electrons, can often be described by a free electron gas model, whereas transition metals and rare earth metals which have d and f valence electrons camiot. Transition metal and rare earth metals do not have energy band structures which resemble free electron models. The fonned bonds from d and f states often have some strong covalent character. This character strongly modulates the free-electron-like bands. 

Thus the atmospheric component of the planet s radiation budget is strongly modulated by the indirect effects of oceanic gas and particle exchange. As will be... 

The orbital of the anion from which an electron is ejected to form the state yf of the neutral (usually the anion s highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)) must he strongly modulated or affected by movement of the molecule in one or more directions (Q). That is 9vj/i/3Q, which appears in P /i, must be significant. 

The anion and neutral curves approach one another at R values that are accessible to the vibrational wavefimctions of the two states shown in Fig. 3, thus allowing strong modulation of the HOMO. 

We will focus on molecular deformations that most strongly modulate the anion s HOMO, so... 

Weinert, E. E. Dondi, R. Colloredo-Melz, S. Frankenheld, K. N. Mitchell, C. H. Freccero, M. Rokita, S. E. Substituents on quinone methides strongly modulate formation and stability of their nucleophilic adducts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11940-11947. 

Carotenoids can strongly modulate apoptotic pathways (Palozza et al., 2006). For example, it has been demonstrated that lutein and zeaxanthin modulate the expression of anti-and pro-apoptotic factors and can selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells (Chew et al., 2003 Maccarrone et al., 2005). 

Chapter 5 will show in more detail how the spectral width of optical transitions of active centers (particnlarly for transition metal ions) is affected by lattice vibrations. For the purpose of this section, we will just mention that these transitions are associated with the outer electrons of the active center (the 3d valence electrons), which show strong interactions with the phonons of the matrix in which they are embedded. As a result, the optical transitions, and particularly the emission lines, are strongly modulated by lattice vibrations. 

The former feature is demonstrated by a part of the fs DFWM spectrum of benzene as depicted in Fig. 3. The data displayed is an extension to the published spectra in Ref. [5]. The experimental trace in Fig. 3a shows regions around the J-type recurrences at a total time delay of ca. 1.5 ns. In Fig. 3b a simulated spectrum is given, computed on the basis of a symmetric oblate rotor with the rotational constant B" = 5689 MHz and the CDs Dj- 1.1 kHz and Djk = -1.4 kHz. For comparison in Fig. 3c the same recurrences are calculated with all CDs set to zero. It can be seen that the CDs cause a strong modulation, splitting and time shift in the recurrences. Even recurrences are differently affected than odd ones. One can conclude that high temperatures do not prevent the occurrence of rotational recurrences and thus, the application of RCS. On the contrary, they enable the determination of CDs by analysis of spectral features at long time delay and hence, reflect the non-rigidity of molecules. 

Figure 2 shows the results of the IF analysis, revealing strong modulation at 50 on1 and other low frequency modes, similar to observations by Champion et al. [10][11] For comparison, the IF was also calculated using a sliding window FFT method, yielding similar results as shown in Figure 2. The observation of these low frequency modes is perhaps the most important result of the study. The 50 cm 1 mode in particular has been identified with the doming motion of the heme [12] and the lower frequencies can be correlated to the globin...

The resistivity of certain semiconductors such as tin oxide (SnOx) and zinc oxide (ZnO) can be strongly modulated by the presence of certain gaseous species in the ambient. Several gas sensors have been developed based on such material characteristics (1-5). The principal advantages of semiconductor gas sensors are (a) relative simplicity of fabrication (b) relative simplicity of operation (c) low cost (fabrication and maintenance). However, the major drawback of these sensors is their low sensing selectivity among various gases. 

Wang L, Koynova R, Parikh H et al (2006) Transfection activity of binary mixtures of cationic O-substituted phosphatidylcholine derivatives the hydrophobic core strongly modulates their physical properties and DNA delivery efficacy. Biophys J 91 3692-3706... 

Koynova R, Tenchov B, Wang L et al (2009) Hydrophobic moiety of cationic lipids strongly modulates their transfection activity. Mol Pharm 6 951-958... 

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