Conversion indirect

Indirect conversion of oximes to nitro compounds viact-halo nitro compounds has provided a useful method for synthesis of nitro compounds, as shown m Scheme 2 1... 

Indirect conversion of niiro compounds into nitnles via dehydration of oximes fsee Section 6.3.3 is also a useful method for this purpose. 

Thioacetals and thioketals can also be made to undergo desul-phurisation with Raney nickel catalyst, thus effecting, overall, the indirect conversion of C=0— CH2 ... 

In the 1930s, Standard Oil of New Jersey (7) was the first company to employ on a commercial scale the indirect conversion of methane, the main component of natural gas, via steam reforming to give synthesis gas, which is a mixture of H2 and CO, with the H2/CO ratio depending on the reactant composition. C02 is also formed in synthesis gas production, and sulfur compounds are present as impurities. Synthesis gas can be used as a feedstock for numerous chemicals and fuels and as a source of pure hydrogen or carbon monoxide. 

Native enzymes, 32 419-420 Natrolite. 33 215, 224, 255 Natural gas, indirect conversion processes, 39 222... 

Indirect conversion devices have been reported with comparable spatial resolution 13 based on a thin fluorescent screen in the form of a microscope objective lens. This again has a small field of view and poor efficiency owing to the low stopping power of the phosphor screen. Commercial devices based on a charmel plate intensifier coupled to a CCD camera usually give a spatial resolution of about 25 /an, which is adeqrrate for many industrial applications where screening of substrates is reqrrired. However, only slow progress has been... 

The direct conversion deals with the straight hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to paraffins, olefins and heteroatom (oxygen, nitrogen) containing products. The indirect conversion invokes intermediates such as methanol, methyl formate and formaldehyde. The latter ones in a consecutive reaction can yield a variety of desired chemicals. For instance, acetic acid can be synthesized directly from CO/H2, but for reasons of selectivity the carbonylation of methanol is by far the best commercial process. 

The indirect conversion of an aromatic aldehyde into the corresponding nitrile by dehydration of an oxime is illustrated by the synthesis of veratronitrile (Expt 6.170). The dehydrating agent is acetic anhydride which probably effects an initial acetylation of the oximino group followed by the elimination of acetic acid. 

Indirect conversion of 6-methylphenanthridine to phenanthridine-6-carboxylic acid has been achieved by heating with benzaldehyde in the presence of zinc chloride and oxidizing the resulting styryl derivative with permanganate in acetone.245... 

The direct and indirect conversion of azido- into aminopyrazines has been covered in Section 7.3.1. The remaining reactions of azidopyrazines are illustrated in the following examples ... 

An indirect conversion of halides to alcohols involved triethylborane. The reaction of an a-iodo ester with BEt3, followed by reaction with dimethyl sulfide in methanol, gave an a-hydroxy ester. 

Table 2 Examples of Indirect Conversions by Means of Organic Mediators — Reductive Redox Catalysis... 

The formal addition of an oxygen atom across the carbonyl group gives rise to dioxiranes (equation 33). In practice, this reaction is effected with Oxone, and dimethyldioxirane (30) and other dioxiranes have been generated in solutions of their parent ketones.Dioxirane (30) has been implicated in oxidations of alkenes, sulfides and iinines. The formal addition of nitrogen across a carbon-oxygen double bond to afford oxaziridines has been reviewed (equation 34).There are also many methods available for the indirect conversion of carbonyl compounds to aziridines > and thiiranes using multi-step conversions. 

The energy consumption is approximately 4 kWh/kg, which compares favorably to virgin WC produced via the chemical route (12kWh/kg). Compared to the features of indirect conversion, the cost of zinc reclamation is reduced by 20-30% for WC-Co grades and by 30-35% for WC-TiC-Ta(Nb)C-Co grades. 

The labeling studies reported here as well as previous studies in our laboratory (1-4) are consistent with indirect conversion of CO2 into Cx hydrocarbons, via the intermediate formation of CO as shown in Figure 4. Carbon dioxide readily forms bicarbonate. The... 

The use of this ester for the indirect conversion of an aryl halide to the corresponding phenol is illustrated by the preparation of 6-mcthoxy-2-naphthol (4) from 6-bromo-2-methoxynaphthalene (l).1 A mixture of the aryl halide (1), magnesium,... 

This manufacturing expense sheet has four distinct parts the heading, raw material section, direct conversion expenses, and indirect conversion expenses. The heading identifies the product to be made, the amount produced, the fixed capital investment, and sometimes the location, yields, operating time, and other items. The raw material includes the raw materials used to produce the product as well as any by-products for which credit may be received. The direct expenses include utilities, labor, and maintenance. The sum of these two sections is the direct conversion expense. The indirect expenses include the depreciation and plant indirect expenses, such as plant security, fire protection, roads, docks, and so forth. These expenses occur continually regardless of whether a product is produced. The sum of these expenses is the total indirect conversion expense. 

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