Indicator mouse

The importance of cross-talk in GR actions is indicated by the construction of a GR dimerisation-deficient mutant mouse in which GR is unable to dimerise and therefore bind to DNA, thus separating the DNA-binding (transactivation) and inflammatory gene repression (transrepression) activities of glucocorticoids. In these animals dexamethasone was able to inhibit AP-1- and NF-kB-mediated gene transcription,... 

Insight from the PPARa Knockout Mouse. PPARa-deficient adult mice are viable, fertile, and healthy, indicating that PPARa is not essential for embryonic development. When adult PPARa-7- mice are treated with fibrates, the characteristic response to PP is abolished, with no liver weight increase, no increase in... 

Epidermal Maturation and Wound Healing. All three PPAR isotypes are expressed during epidermal maturation each isotype has a specific pattern of expression in regard to development and the various layers of the epidermis. An important role for PPARS in the development and/or maintenance of normal skin health is indicated by the presence of defective wound healing in the PPARS-null mouse. 

Figure 1. Original records of tension and intracellular free calcium concentration Caf ) obtained from a single mouse muscle fiber during a fatigue run (modified from Westerblad and Allen, 1991). A continuous tension record in which each vertical line represents a tetanus. B (Ca ] (measured with fura-2) and tension records obtained from the individual tetani (a, b, and c) indicated above the record in A. Three major features are illustrated 1.) the initial tension decline is accompanied by an increase in tetanic ICa li, 2.) late in fatigue the tetanic [Ca li is reduced, and 3.) the resting [Ca li increases during fatiguing stimulation (dashed line indicates resting [Ca ] in control). Stimulation periods are shown below tension records in B. From Westerblad et al., 1991, with permission from the Amer. Physiol. Society.

Interpolate Y = J x)) requests the user to either enter a specific x-value into the green box (Fig. 5.6, item D), followed by J, or to use the mouse pointer to indicate where the interpolation is to take place (depress left button and slowly pull mouse). The corresponding results are continuously updated in the table. The confidence interval of the result Y is indicated by a bold bar sitting on top of the dashed interpolation line. Clicking on the pale yellow [Print] button sends the numerical results to the selected printer there is the option of sending a [Form Feed] immediately or after a few interpolations have been done. 

Oral administration of 11.6 mg/kg/day of endosulfan to rats for up to 30 days also failed to induce chromosomal damage in bone marrow and spermatogonial cell systems, but it is not known how soon after treatment the animals were killed. As shown in mouse studies (Usha Rani and Reddy 1986), a latency period of 60 days was required to see chromosomal aberrations in spermatogonia. However, relatively significant changes were observed for mitotic indices (Dikshith et al. 1978). 

In summary, preliminary results from two animal models (rabbit and mouse) indicate that poly(N-palmitoylhydroxyproline ester) elicits a very mild, local tissue response that compares favorably with the responses observed for established biomaterials such as medical grade stainless steel or poly(lactic acid)/poly(glycolic acid) implants. At this point, additional assays need to be performed to evaluate possible allergic responses, as well as systemic toxic effects, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic activity, and adaptive responses. 

Figure 10. Calculated changes in the mouse bioassay toxicity of a sample initially containing 1 xmol of toxin C2. The horizontal axis represents the percentage of 11- -hydroxysulfate. The lower line indicates the toxicity of the sample with the 21-sulfo group intact, but with varying degrees of epimerization. The upper line indicates the toxicity of the corresponding carbamates, formed by hydrolysis of the 21-sulfo group.

Experimental evidence indicates that many marine bacteria produce TTXs. However, TTX production by some bacteria has not been validated since TTX and anhydro-like TTX are described as "difficult to detect" by using HPLC and GC-MS methods, and show no activity in the mouse bioassay. 

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