INDEX ocular

Gillman, M.R., Jackson, E.M., Cerven, D.R. and Moreno, M.T. (1983). Relationship between the primary dermal irritation index and ocular irritation. J. Toxicol. - Cut. Ocular Toxicol. 2 107-117. 

Dinges DF, Mallis MM, Maislin G, Powell JW. Evaluation of techniques for ocular measurement as an index of fatigue and the basis for alertness management. Final report for the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. NHTSA Report No. HS 808 762. 1998. 

Irritancy Ocular Irritancy Irritancy Index Result Class... 

Various lecithin-based MEs were also characterized by Hasse and Keipert [131]. The formulations were tested in terms of their physicochemical parameters (pH, refractive index, osmolality, viscosity, and surface tension) and physiological compatibility (HET-CAM and Draize test). In addition, in vitro and in vivo evaluations were performed. The tested MEs showed favorable physicochemical parameters and no ocular irritation as well as a prolonged pilocarpine release in vitro and in vivo. 

Zimmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Kandarakis AS, Ziegler LE Improving the therapeutic index of topically applied ocular drugs.Arch Ophthalmol 1984 102 551-553. 

In a rabbit study, hydroquinone at 150 mg kg day produced minimal developmental alterations in the presence of maternal toxicity. The no-observed-effect level for developmental toxicity was 75mgkg day In rat studies, maternal toxic effects from exposure to hydroquinone included changes in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and menstrual cycle. Postimplantation mortality was also observed in rat studies. Observed paternal toxic effects from exposure to hydroquinone included changes in the testes, epididymis, sperm duct, prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper s gland, accessory glands, and male fertility index. Further, exposure to hydroquinone produced skeletal malformations in chickens and ocular and skeletal malformations in rabbits. Hydroquinone can induce renal tubule adenomas, bladder carcinomas, hepatocellular neoplasms, and mononuclear cell leukemia in experimental animals. 

Loteprednol (26) was selected for development based on various considerations including the therapeutic index, availability, synthesis, and "softness" (the rate and easiness of metabolic deactivation). Early studies in rabbits (106, 109) and rats (110) demonstrated that, consistent with its design, (26)isindeed active, is metabolized into its predicted metabolites (27, 28) (Fig. 15.10), and these metabolites are inactive (105). The pharmacokinetic profile of loteprednol indicated that, when absorbed systemically, it is rapidly transformed to the inactive metabolite (27) and eliminated from the body mainly through the bile and urine (110, 111, 113). It did not affect the intraocular pressure in rabbits (109), an observation confirmed later in various human studies (Fig. 15.12) (119). Consistent with the soft nature of this steroid, systemic levels or effects cannot be detected even after chronic ocular administration (120). 

The Ocular ProtectiOTi Index (OPI) was proposed to get a better insight into the uncomfortable condition, dry eye syndrome [32]. To obtain an optimal hydration of the comeal epithebum the ratio between the time period of an intact tear film and the time between two reflex blinks must be greater or equal to 1 (OPI >1). Investigation of tear film stabibty using sodium fluorescein improves the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome when 1-5 microlitres solution is used instead of larger volumes [33]. As a result the certainty of diagnosis is increased. However, the use of small drop volumes has not yet been introduced, as this technique is insufficiently developed. 

Ousler GW III, Hagberg KW, Schindelar M et al (2008) The ocular protection index. Cornea 27 509-13... 

Ousler GW III, Michaelson C, Christensen MT (2007) An evaluation of tear film breakup time extension and ocular protection index scores among three marketed lubricant eye drops. Cornea 26 949-52... 

Table 10 gives the ocular irritation index for each product, along with its classification. The differences between the products are marked While LAM and LDAB were irritants at 10% (w/v), lipopeptides Ci2ArgGly and Ci2Arg pp were quite nonirritant, perhaps because their chemical compositions resem-... 

The LjD ratio is the relationship between the HC50 and the hemoglobin denaturation index (DI). This ratio is used to predict the potential ocular irritation of these surfactants relating to the SDS compound (L/Z>sds 0.44 irritant). According to the results of the LjD ratio first and by the in vivo eye irritation Draize test later (see Table 2), these linear arginine-based surfactants have no irritant effect in the eyes (non-eye irritants, LjD > 100). 

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