Incremental investments subject

Incremental investments, 315-329 Index name, 893 subject, 897 Indexes, cosf 163-166 Indirect costs, 210 in capital investments, 160, 167 Inflation, 295 strategy for, 408-413 tax effects on, 410-413 Informal reports, definition of 453- 454 Infringements of patents, 102 Installation costs for equipmenf 171-172 Instrumentation cost of 172-173, 812-814 plant requirements for, 97 Insulation cost of 172 for pipe, 513 Insurance, 262-265 as a cost, 253, 262 cost of 205, 210 Intalox saddles, 688, 690, 694 cost of 710 Interest ... 

Before a decision is made, all three items, ie, investment, return, and rate of return, would be examined, as would the current cash position, perceived risk, other venture opportunities, and a variety of subjective criteria. Eor this elementary situation, economists would also employ an incremental approach analogous to the above, based on the tenet that each increment of investment should itself make an adequate return. Rarely is there a unique correct decision. Only future events determine the wisdom of the selection even then, the results that another decision would have produced are rarely known. This is the essence of profitabiHty analysis. 

The subject of incremental costs is covered in detail in Chap. 10 (Profitability, Alternative Investments, and Replacements). Consideration of incremental costs shows that a final recommended design does not need to correspond to the optimum economic design, because the incremental return on the added investment may become unacceptable before the optimum point is reached. However, the optimum values can be used as a basis for starting the incremental-cost analyses. 

Examples of the basic chemistry involved in such polymerizations is shown in Fig. 2. In conventional SLA tools, the laser heam diameter is typically on the order of 100 p, in size and the focused heam has a large depth of focus such that a relatively consistent heam diameter can he maintained as the heam is scanned across large areas of the vat. After the first layer of the object is polymerized, the elevator is lowered down by some small incremental distance into the vat, the liquid resin is allowed to flow over the top of the first layer, and the laser is scanned over the surface to initiate polymerization of the second layer of the part in this new resin layer. This process is repeated over-and-over for each layer of the part until the object is completed. Once the object has been made, the part is raised from the resin vat on the elevator, drained and washed of the unreacted photocurable resin, and subjected to various treatments to finish hardening the object. The first commercially available SLA system was produced by 3D Systems in 1987 and SL is now a widely used technique in industries such as automotive and aerospace. In these industries, SL was originally used to fabricate an array of objects from basic design verification parts to show and tell objects at low cost before significant more expense was invested to mass produce or make any actual application-ready mechani-... 

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