Increasing withdrawal

A large percentage of the increased withdrawal volume was salt water consequently, saltwater disposal systems would have to be expanded and connected to obtain desired capacity and flexibility. 

In 1950-1970, the increased withdrawals of freshwaters for municipal purposes resulted in a decrease in the riverine runoff to the sea and a corresponding increase in the delivery of the Black Sea waters. The spatial inhomogeneity of the salinity became noticeable in the near-Kerch region, especially in... 

Film-coating is the formation of an adhering dispersion layer as a result of the drag force exerted by the substrate during withdrawal from a dispersion. To achieve pure fihn-coating, the capillary suction of the porous substrate must be suppressed. The thickness of the entrained dispersion layer increases with increasing withdrawal speed and increasing dispersion viscosity. The contact... 

Figure 6.10 shows the layer thickness as a function of withdrawal speed for film-coating and capillary filtration as the main coating mechanisms. The decrease for capillary filtration is caused by the decreasing contact time with increasing withdrawal speed. 

Drugs that increase withdrawal symptoms (all increase dopaminergic transmission)... 

As an example, let the system contain a fixed amount n of a pure substance divided into liquid and gas phases, at a temperature and pressure at which these phases can coexist in equilibrium. When heat is transferred into the system at this T and p, some of the liquid vaporizes by a liquid-gas phase transition and V increases withdrawal of heat at this T and p causes gas to condense and V to decrease. The molar volumes and other intensive properties of the individual liquid and gas phases remain constant during these changes at constant T and p. On the pressure-volume phase diagram of Fig. 8.9 on page 208, the volume changes correspond to movement of the system point to the right or left along the tie line AB. 

Now using a hydrocarbon component, say ethane, as an example, let us consider the other parameter, volume, using a plot of pressure versus specific volume (i.e. volume per unit mass of the component, the inverse of the density). The process to be described could be performed physically by placing the liquid sample into a closed cell (PVT cell), and then reducing the pressure of the sample by withdrawing the piston of the cell and increasing the volume contained by the sample. 

The frequencies of suite I (related to the Wj mode of thiazole) increase under the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents, whatever their positions on the ring the frequencies increase similarly for suite II, but only when the substituent is in the 2-position. 

The electronic influence of the 4-substituent corresponds to a relative increase in the kinetic acidity of the C-5 proton when an electron-withdrawing group (R=Ph) is situated at the 4-position and to a relative increase in the kinetic acidity of the 2-methyl group when an electron-donating group (R = Me) is at the same position (Table 1-59). 

Figure 12 11 compares the energy profile for nitration of benzene with those for attack at the ortho meta and para positions of (trifluoromethyl)benzene The presence of the electron withdrawing trifluoromethyl group raises the activation energy for attack at all the ring positions but the increase is least for attack at the meta position... 

There is also an important group of reactions m which the carbonyl group acts as a powerful electron withdrawing substituent increasing the acidity of protons on the adjacent carbons... 

A considerable body of data is available on the acidity of substituted benzoic acids Ben zoic acid Itself is a somewhat stronger acid than acetic acid Its carboxyl group is attached to an sp hybridized carbon and ionizes to a greater extent than one that is attached to an sp hybridized carbon Remember carbon becomes more electron withdrawing as its s character increases... 

Table 19 3 lists the ionization constants of some substituted benzoic acids The largest effects are observed when strongly electron withdrawing substituents are ortho to the carboxyl group An o nitro substituent for example increases the acidity of benzoic acid 100 fold Substituent effects are small at positions meta and para to the carboxyl group In those cases the values are clustered m the range 3 5-4 5... 

Multiple substitution by strongly electron withdrawing groups greatly increases the acidity of phenols as the values for 2 4 dimtrophenol (4 0) and 2 4 6 trimtrophenol (0 4) m Table 24 2 attest... 

Electron releasing substituents attached to the ring have a negligible effect on the acidity of phenols Strongly electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity The compound 4 nitro 3 (tnfluoromethyl)phenol for example is 10 000 times more acidic than phenol... 

Nitro C—NO2 Aliphatic ca 1560 (s) 1385-1350 (s) The two bands are due to asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching of the N=0 bond. Electron-withdrawing substituents adjacent to nitro group increase the frequency of the asymmetrical band and decrease that of the symmetrical frequency. 

Fillers that contain combined water or carbon dioxide, such as alumina trihydrate, Mg(OH)2, or dawsonite [12011 -76-6] increase fire resistance by hberating noncombustible gases when they are heated. These gases withdraw heat from the plastic and can also reduce the oxygen concentration of the air surrounding the composition. 

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