Mutations in vitro

Assays for Chromosomal and Genomic Mutations In vitro cytogenetic assay [OECD 473] / ... 

T was not mutagenic in bacterial assays, and it did not induce aneuploidy or somatic mutation in vitro. In vivo it did not cause micronuclei in mice or dominant lethal mutations in mice or rats. ... 

In mammalian cells, it induced sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei and gene mutations in vitro. In one study, it induced DNA-protein cross-links in rat nasal epithelial cells treated in vitro. In human cells in vitro, hexamethylphosphoramide induced micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges. 

Fig. 8 PARKS UCHLl structure and mutations. In vitro assays demonstrate dimerization or ubiquination inhibition by this molecule with a-synuclein at S18Y (inhibits dimerization with a-synuclein leading to degradation of a-synuclein) and I93M (inhibits hydrolyzation and thus allows dimerization with a-synuclein inhibiting degradation of a-synuclein) (Liu et al., 2002a). An active site is present within a loop structure (ASL) as well as many other catalytic sites in other regions not denoted here (Das et al., 2006). Scale is approximate...

Mosaicism is very often caused by somatic mutation. The same types of mutation that occur in germ cells may also occur in somatic cells (Shapiro, 1966). The frequency of mutation in vitro in somatic cells is similar to the frequency in vivo in germ cells. Cell clones can result from the division of somatic cell mutants. These mutants may somehow change the direction of development. The mutants will also change the observed phenotype (Searle, 1968). 

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