In vitro methodologies

IVIVC IN VIVO VERIFICATION OF IN VITRO METHODOLOGY—AN INTEGRAL PART OF DISSOLUTION METHOD DEVELOPMENT... 

Mabon, N., Moorthy, B., Randerath, E. Randerath, K. (1996) Monophosphate - -P-postlabcling assay of DNA adducts from l,2 3,4-diepoxybutane, the most genotoxic metabolite of 1,3-butadiene in vitro methodological studies and in vivo dosimetry. Mutat. Res., 371, 87-104... 

Alternative approaches that feature in vitro methodologies for drug screening have been incorporated into drug development schemes. Due to the wealth of samples resulting from high-throughput events... 

No formal international validation study of the in vitro methodology has been performed. Importantly, the same applies however to the in vivo studies. Despite the publication of several well-conducted comparative studies (Franz, 1975 Yang et al., 1986a,b Grissom et al, 1987 Scott and Ramsey, 1987 Hotchkiss et al., 1990, 1992 Scott et al., 1992 Ramsey et al., 1994 Roper et al., 1995 Dick et al., 1997a,b Wester et al., 1998), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) concluded in 2000 that evaluation of in vitro test methods by means of data available from the public literature is very difficult, because these studies, comparing in vitro and in vivo test results, contained too many variables (different species, thickness and types of the... 

In the following clinical case studies, a number of delivery attributes discussed in earlier sections are exemplified. In addition, in vitro methodologies are briefly discussed to highlight the good correlation possible with observed in vivo results. 

In vitro Methodologies for Fields of Expertise within Toxicology 11... 

IN VITRO METHODOLOGIES FOR FIELDS OF EXPERTISE WITHIN TOXICOLOGY... 

In this section we will discuss the in vitro methodology that can be used to determine whether one is effectively targeting HIV-infected cells. Translation of this information to therapeutic applications may be problematic, since relevant animal models of HIV infection are limited. 

Primary assay. The primary assay is comprehensive with regard to its capacity to detect potential antimalarial activity, since there is no intent to exclude any antiplasmodial compounds at this stage, regardless of mechanism of action. This bioassay relies upon in vitro methodology for the culture of P. falciparum within human erythrocytes (110) and is widely used for investigation of potential antimalarial compounds. The method evaluates the ability of test substances to inhibit parasite proliferation by measuring the incorporation of a radiolabeled purine into plasmodial DNA (111). 

To properly understand environmental As health risks, the relationship of soil As to ingested As, absorbed As, and urinary As should be further evaluated. Research and development of in vivo and in vitro methodologies is needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of measuring As bioavailability. Several animal models have been used to measure bioavailable As, but few studies have compared results obtained with animal models with human subjects. The number... 

Vitro that encourages routine, thorough evaluation of metabolism and interactions in in vitro studies whenever feasible and appropriate. Factors that have fostered the use of in vitro methodologies to characterize drug metabolism include the efficient and relatively inexpensive nature of the methods and the ready availability of human and animal tissues and enzyme systems. Table 3.4 outlines the value of in vitro metabolism in the development of drugs. 

Knarreborg, A., Miquel, N., Granli, T. and Jensen, B.B. (2002) Establishment and application of an in vitro methodology to study the effects of organic acids on coliform and lactic acid bacteria in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 99 131-140. 

Work on in vitro rates of protein synthesis in mammals has been characterised by much lower rates of synthesis compared with in vivo rates (Palmer et al. 1981 Goldspink et al. 1984). Recently, Wrigley and Ash (1989) have highlighted the problems using isolated fish muscle for the measurement of protein turnover. We have already found that perfusion of the coronary vessels of the trout ventricle significantly improves performance and the rates of protein synthesis in the compact layer of the ventricle supplied by these vessels (Houlihan et al. 1988a) possible variations in in vitro methodology have recently been discussed (Perry and Farrell 1989). 

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