In situ end-labeling

Zhang, Z. and Galileo, D. (1997) Direct in situ end-labeling for detection of apoptotic cells in tissue sections. Biotechniques 22, 834-836. 

Fig. 4. In situ end-labeling. Forward light scatter (FSC) vs FITC fluorescence (FL1) of (A) viable and (B) apoptotic Burkitt lymphoma cells. Cells were induced into apoptosis by incubation with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. Region I, viable cells Region 2, apoptotic cells.

Ansari B, Coates PJ, Greenstein BD, Hall PA. In situ end-labelling detects DNA strand breaks in apoptosis and other physiological and pathological states. J Pathol 1993 170 1-8. 

Wijsman JH, Jonker RR, Keijzer R, van de Velde CJ, Cornelisse CJ, van Dierendonck JH. A new method to detect apoptosis in paraffin sections In situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA. J Histochem Cytochem 1993 41 7-12. 

Kockx MM, Muhring J, Knaapen MW, de Meyer GR. RNA synthesis and splicing interferes with DNA in situ end labeling techniques used to detect apoptosis. Am J Pathol 1998 152 885-888. 

Tateyama H, Tada T, Hattori H, Murase T, Li WX, Eimoto T. Effects of prefixation and fixation times on apoptosis detection by in situ end-labeling of fragmented DNA. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998 122 252-255. 

G6. Gorczyca, W., Tuziak, T., Kram, A., Melamed, M. R., and Darzynkiewicz, Z., Detection of apoptosis-associated DNA strand breaks in fine-needle aspiration biopsies by in situ end labelling of fragmented DNA. Cytometry 15, 169-175 (1994). 

Tissues and cells in situ end-labeling techniques can be applied to cells grown in culture, to frozen tissue sections, or to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material, such as that found in surgical pathology archives. 

Mundle, S. D., Gao, X. Z., Khan, S., Gregory, S. A., Preisler, H. D., and Raza, A. (1995) Two in situ end labelling techniques reveal different patterns of DNA firagmentation during spontaneous apoptosis in vivo and induced apoptosis in vitro. Anticancer Res. 15, 1895-1904. 

Migheli, A., Attanasio, A., and Schiffer, D. (1995) Ultrastructural detection of DNA strand breaks in apoptotic neural cells by in situ end-labelling techniques. 

Coates, P. J., Save, V., Ansari, B., and Hall, P. A. (1995) Demonstration of DNA damage/repair in individual cells using in situ end labelling association of p53 with sites of DNA damage. J. Pathol. 176,19-26. 

Carr, N. J. (2000) M30 expression demonstrates apoptotic cells correlates with in situ end-labeling, and is associated with Ki-67 expression in large intestinal neoplasms. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 124(12), 1768 1772. 

Chun, J. (1998) Detection of cells undergoing programmed cell death using in situ end-labeling plus, in Apoptosis Detection and Assay Methods (Zhu, L. and Chun, J. M., eds.), Biotechniques Books, Natick, MA, pp. 7-14. 

A number of molecular biology procedures have also been developed to detect in situ some DNA modifications primarily related to apoptosis and programmed cell death (PCD). These procedures can be collectively referred as in situ end-labeling (ISEL) techniques and are primarily based on the incorporation of digoxigeninated nucleotides into DNA that are subsequently visualized by anti-digoxigenin antibodies that can be conjugated with AP or a fluorochrome [113],... 

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