In peanuts

CH3-[CH2],8-C00H. M.p. 75 C. A fatty acid occurring as glycerides in peanut and other vegetable oils. 

Nearly half of the U.S. domestic food consumption of peanuts in 1993 was as peanut butter salted peanuts, at 27.3%, and peanut candy, at 23.9% made up the other half (137). Although the per capita domestic peanut consumption in the United States has increased steadily, the consumption in recent years has not kept pace with production. Domestic food use of peanuts has been confined almost entirely to roasted peanuts. A number of investigations and developmental efforts are being made to extend the use of nonroasted peanut products such as flour and meal flakes. As of the mid-1990s, market outlets for these latter products are neither sizable nor firmly established. The food-use patterns emphasize the uniqueness and demand for products having a distinct roasted-peanut flavor. The development of the desired flavor as well as the storage stability of such flavor in peanut-food products are therefore important. 

U. L. Diener, in Peanuts-Culture and Uses, American Peanut Research and Education Association, StiUwater, OHa., 1973, pp. 523—557. 

Arachin, the counterpart of glycinin in peanuts, consists of subunits of 60,000—70,000 mol wt which on reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol yield polypeptides of 41,000—48,000 and 21,000 mol wt (17) analogous to the behavior of glycinin. In addition to the storage proteins, oilseeds contain a variety of minor proteins, including trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins, and enzymes. Examples of the last are urease and Hpoxygenase in soybeans. 

Identify the following fatty acid, and tell whether it is more likely to be found in peanut oil or in red meat ... 

Hubick, K.T., Shorter, R. Farquhar, G.D. (1988). Heritability and genotype x environment interactions of carbon isotope discrimination and transpiration efficiency in peanut. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 15 (in press). 

Local inflammation of the lungs and dilated alveoli were observed in rats administered 10 mg/kg/day of endosulfan in peanut oil by gavage for 15 days (Gupta and Chandra 1977). However, there was high mortality in this dose group (3 of 8 animals died prior to study termination), and it is not clear if these effects were observed primarily in the intercurrent deaths or in animals surviving for the full 15 days of exposure. 

Catfish (Clarias batrachus) plasma vitellogenin levels were significantly decreased after 48 hours of exposure to 0.0015 mg/L of commercial-grade endosulfan (Chakravorty et al. 1992). Levels did not recover substantially with injections of various hormones, including estradiol. In rainbow trout, endosulfan did not induce vitellogenin production at 9 days after a single intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg in peanut oil (Andersen et al. 1999). 

E. Jurkevitch, Y. Hadar, and Y. Chen, Involvement of bacterial siderophores in the remedy of lime-induced chlorosis in peanut. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52 1032 (1988). 

Rejeb et al. described the development and characterization of immunoafflnity columns for the selective extraction of thifluzamide in peanuts. Efficient recovery was achieved using a simple elution profile requiring only 4 mL of methanol-wafer. De Jager and Andrews " described a novel fasf screening method for organochlorine... 

Full-season weed control in peanuts produced in Georgia was 168/ha. In soybeans produced in Mississippi the cost for full-season weed control was 74/ha while 95/ha was spent for full-season weed control in Illinois (21). 

Lee [73] studied the stability of miconazole on dry heating in vegetable oils. Miconazole was stable when subjected to dry heat (160 °C for 90 min) in either peanut or castor oil as determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Thus, ophthalmic preparations of miconazole can be prepared in peanut or castor oil with dry heat sterilization without the loss of the drug due to degradation. The procedure also facilitates quick and easy dissolution of the drug in the oil base. 

Hourihane, J. O B., Recent advances in peanut allergy. Curr. Opinion Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2, 227, 2002. 

The status of resistance of stored-product insects to any of the aerosols used in the United States is uncertain, and no new assessments of resistance have been conducted in recent years. Indianmeal moth, P. interpunctella, and almond moth, C. cautella, populations in peanut warehouses in the southeastern United States showed low levels of resistance to dichlorvos (Arthur et al., 1988), but reflected an increase relative to earlier studies (Zettler, 1982). In other studies, 24% of red flour beetle and 64% of confused flour beetle populations collected from flour mills were resistant to dichlorvos (Zettler, 1991). 

Brower, J.H. 1984. The natural occurrence of the egg parasite, Trichogramma, on almond moth eggs in peanut storages in Georgia. J. Georgia Entomol. 19, 283-290. 

Rowntree, Nevin and Wilson have also examined the effects of D.F.P. in schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis.4 D.F.P. dissolved in peanut oil was administered by intramuscular injection to seventeen cases of schizophrenia and nine cases of manic depressive psychosis. Their findings suggest that D.F.P. may be of therapeutic value in some manic patients if given in repeated small doses and gradually cut down after improvement has been obtained. 

Irradiation of C70 solution in peanut oil under the same conditions just described for C60 fullerene in linseed oil after 70 minutes of irradiation causes the partial reduction of the intensity of the band at 464 nm and of a shoulder at 398 nm. 

Risk is the probability that some harmful event will occur. What is the probability that certain types of cancer will develop in populations exposed to aflatoxin in peanut products or benzene from gasoline What is the likelihood that workers exposed to lead will develop nervous system disorders ... 

Note that some of the risk information is actuarial (based on statistical data, typically collected and organized by insurance companies), and some of it has been derived from the type of risk assessment discussed in this book (chloroform in chlorinated drinking water, afla-toxin in peanut products). While the uncertainties associated with the figures in Table 11.2 are much greater for some risks than for others (not a trivial problem in presentation of risk data), such a presentation, it would seem, is helpful to people who are trying to acquire some understanding of extremely low probability events, of the order of one-in-one million. 

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